tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34015269951799666302024-03-13T20:16:37.910+00:00Anglo-Norman wordsA blog that highlights
and discusses interesting words
in the Anglo-Norman language,
presented by the editorial team
of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary (www.anglo-norman.net).Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger55125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-55033396657885217972021-03-10T14:13:00.000+00:002021-03-10T14:13:24.818+00:00blog migration<p>The Anglo-Norman Dictionary blog has now been incorporated in its entirety into the main AND website: </p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://anglo-norman.net/blog/">https://anglo-norman.net/blog/</a></span></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-DkflbGYFGSY/YEjTniTAzbI/AAAAAAAABdg/FLPdZjCgPbgTG1v1qpan6HzLPxjsZmZhACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1056" height="235" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-DkflbGYFGSY/YEjTniTAzbI/AAAAAAAABdg/FLPdZjCgPbgTG1v1qpan6HzLPxjsZmZhACLcBGAsYHQ/w422-h235/image.png" width="422" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-74990552479661746202020-07-01T14:12:00.006+01:002020-07-01T17:13:10.734+01:00Linguistic Ecology: Language Change as Social Fact<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><b>A guest blogpost by Dr. Emily Reed (University of Sheffield), who visited the Anglo-Norman Dictionary project in February-March 2020 through an AHRC bursary</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><font size="2">‘Language shift […] is a social fact with linguistic implications’ </font><span style="font-size: small;">(Thomason and Kaufman 1988: 212).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Language is a tool that we use to
produce meaning. As such, it can only do what we enable it to do.
Indeed, when wielded with skill, language can invest its user with much power.
It can alter the usual course of events, it can change minds, and it can build
a speaker’s reputation. A speaker can do this by playing to concepts</span><b style="font-family: inherit;"> </b><span style="font-family: inherit;">that
carry social currency: ‘politeness’, ‘aesthetics’, ‘eloquence’. Such labels
might carry additional significances and consequences. For instance,
‘eloquence’ may be perceived as a marker of class, and depending on the
listener, that may prejudice them in the speaker’s favour (or not).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="inherit">Of course, language is also the
possession of the listener(s), who engage in a discursive back-and-forth with
the speaker(s), one that constantly calls upon external, social, and political
factors. <o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="inherit">This view of language recalls Einar
Haugen’s notion of ‘linguistic ecology’, theorised in reaction against
linguistic thought that saw speech communities as incidental to the business of
studying language.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font size="2">The true environment of a language is the society that uses it as one of its codes. Language exists only in the minds of its users, and it only functions in relating these users to one another and to nature, i.e., their social and natural environment [...] The ecology of a language is determined primarily by those who learn it, use it, and transmit it to others. </font><span style="font-size: small;">(Haugen 1972: 325)</span></p><span style="line-height: 107%;"><font face="inherit">In
a linguistic ecological model, it is impossible to understand language without
understanding its speakers. Here, language is considered as an organism; the
speakers, the environment. Speakers form the conditions under which facets of
language change, thrive, or die. The key to understanding language is understanding
this ecology of actors as dynamic, interactive, and made up of change that
begets further change. </font></span><div><span style="line-height: 107%;"><font face="inherit"><br /></font></span></div><div><span style="line-height: 107%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9csrryXADuk/Xvx-8UJU3nI/AAAAAAAABVY/3i957_UyJXwapmzlUxgYsLJgZLh7iPXrgCK4BGAsYHg/s1944/Harley%2B3244%2Bf37r.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1557" data-original-width="1944" height="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9csrryXADuk/Xvx-8UJU3nI/AAAAAAAABVY/3i957_UyJXwapmzlUxgYsLJgZLh7iPXrgCK4BGAsYHg/w625-h500/Harley%2B3244%2Bf37r.png" width="625" /></a></div><p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;"><font size="2"><i>Nature can provide a metaphor for thinking about
language (Harley 3244 f. 37r)</i></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></span></div><span style="text-align: justify;">This way of seeing language is echoed by Halliday’s ‘social semiotic’ in which the view was that ‘[l]anguage is as it is because of the functions it has evolved to serve in people’s lives’ (1978:4). These functions are interpersonal (language facilitates relationships between people) and ideational (language represents a speaker’s ideas about the world). Language also serves a textual function: a speaker may commit the interpersonal and the ideational into textual form, broadly defined, thereby linking and declaring them to their context (i.e. wider society [1978:112]). </span><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Closer to home for medievalists, Tim Machan (2005) picks up on the theme of ecology, applying it to Middle English:</div></div><font size="2"><br />[…] Haugen’s early formulation of language ecology retains a good deal of explanatory power. Some aspects of a language ecology in this general, pragmatic sense, like some aspects of a biosystem, may remain relatively constant across time, while others may change rapidly and do so in ways that transform other features of the ecology with them. (Machan 2005: 10)</font><div><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br />The above discussion of ‘language-as-object’ forms a backdrop to my own theoretical praxis as a historical pragmatist. My particular interest is in how speech communities imbue linguistic forms with social meanings, and how the language ‘object’ can be made to perform interpersonal and ideational functions. It is not hard to imagine that the period of English/French bilingualism that existed in England during the Middle Ages represented a period of ecological flux, encompassing multiple changes and chain reactions.<br /><br />In the fields of Anglo Norman and Middle English studies, there has been a great deal of attention on loan words, syntactic change, and phonological shift. All of these can be construed as social and socially-motivated. However, the implication of bilingualism on the pragmatics of Middle English and Anglo Norman is not as widely understood. A broad definition of pragmatics may be found in Crystal (1997: 301):<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font size="2">[Pragmatics
is] the study of language from the point of view of users, especially of the choices
they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social
interaction and the effects their use of language has on other participants in
the act of communication</font></p></span></div><div style="line-height: 2;"><div><span style="line-height: 2;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p><br />Additionally, and in line with the notion of linguistic ecology, Mey (2001: 6) states that ‘[p]ragmatics studies the use of language in human communication as determined by the conditions of society’.<br /><br />In a linguistic ecology, social changes can be seen reflected in the language. These changes may result in enduring shifts in a language or may only come to represent a linguistic flash in the pan. <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DATedlq5uGo/Xvx_nulZzDI/AAAAAAAABVs/0x4D2dxrYDgZ5bpNOCv3NXjf6ukK_q-PQCK4BGAsYHg/s801/CI%2Bf%2B101v.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="676" data-original-width="801" height="529" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DATedlq5uGo/Xvx_nulZzDI/AAAAAAAABVs/0x4D2dxrYDgZ5bpNOCv3NXjf6ukK_q-PQCK4BGAsYHg/w625-h529/CI%2Bf%2B101v.png" width="625" /></a></div><p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;"><font size="2"><i>Bilingual Manières de langage fragment
from Cambridge University Library Ii.6.17 f.101v</i></font><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><font face="inherit">I initially came to Aberystwyth to collect data suggesting a change towards indirect question structures in Anglo Norman and Middle English. Today, we have an inventory of methods available to us when we want to ask for something. These can range from direct forms such as ‘give me that pen’ to less direct forms such as ‘can you please give me that pen?’, ‘would you be able to give me that pen?’ or even ‘I wish I had a pen’. These methods all exist on a continuum between ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’. The fact that such a continuum exists is testament to the social needs of our speech community: to be polite, to be seen as polite, to persuade, to maintain social cohesion (to name but a few). Linguistic indirectness is an innovative area of study, and one that illustrates the social function of language use.<br /><br /> For this blog post I will focus on just one indirect construction: ‘can’ questions. These call upon a speaker or addressee’s ability to do something, but most of us would also recognise this as a form of indirect question. These structures are largely thought to be a modern invention (Culpeper and Archer 2008; Culpeper and Demmen 2011). However, as my data-gathering research at the AND confirmed, these appear in a small number in Middle English and Anglo Norman.<br /><br />Hoccleve’s Regiment of Princes (1413) presents a borderline case. In the following quotation, an old man asks Hoccleve, when he wants to sleep with his wife: </font><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">art þou oght, sonë myn, sensible</div><div style="text-align: center;">In whiche cas þat þou oghtest the for-bere,</div><div style="text-align: center;">And in whiche nat? canst þou to þis answere?</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">[Are you, my son, at all aware</div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Of which times you ought to abstain</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">And of which not? Can you answer this?] </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">(<i>Regiment of Princes</i>, ll.1566-1568)</span></div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 2;"><br /></span></div><font face="inherit" style="line-height: 2;">The pragmatic mechanics behind the construction ‘can you answer this’, as opposed to simply ‘answer this’, are ambiguous. The old man may be questioning whether Hoccleve is capable of answering his question. However, by its very existence, the question demands an answer. Thus, a second possible pragmatic meaning: ‘I expect an answer, but I am appealing to your ability to answer to avoid imposition’. We can never know the intent represented by this utterance. However, this kind of pragmatic ambiguity provides the conditions for development towards a conventional indirect question structure, should members of the speech community develop the construction that way. <br /><br />We see can see further examples of ‘can’ questions in Anglo Norman texts:</font></div><div style="line-height: 2;"><br /><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">purroy je ester logge ciens?</div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">[Could I be lodged here?] </div></div><div style="line-height: 2;"><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">(<i style="line-height: 2;">Manières de langage</i>, p.27)</div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">Le roy Porre li dit: 'Puis tu parler al roy?' </div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">Alisandre respont: 'Oil, sire, par ma foy.' </div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">'Porte ly cest bref ou escrit est mon secroy. </div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">[King Porrus says to him ‘Can you speak to the King?’</div></div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">Alexander responds ‘Yes sir, by my faith.’ </div><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">‘Take to him this letter where my secret is written’]</div><div style="line-height: 2;"><div style="line-height: 2; text-align: center;">(<i style="line-height: 2;">Le Roman de toute Chevalerie</i>, ll.5287-5289)</div><div style="line-height: 2;"><span style="line-height: 2;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 2; text-align: left;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 2;"><br /><font face="inherit" style="line-height: 2;">The latter example, from the Anglo Norman ‘Alexander’, can be seen in another manuscript, Paris BNF Français 24364 f.56r. Both the affirmative response of Alexander, and Porrus’s follow up command suggest that the initial construction ‘puis tu’ should be taken as a form of question (or command) that sits towards the indirect end of the directness continuum. A question remains: why start with a less-direct construction? The choice between direct commands (‘speak to the king’) and less-direct commands (‘can you speak to the king?’) points towards different social needs. </font><br /><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9pMzjdTvKlc/XvyArvnSxsI/AAAAAAAABWM/HFLPEBvuNI88M8otbFlk7of7G0vuLuB_wCK4BGAsYHg/s1344/BNF%2BFran%25C3%25A7ais%2B24364.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="1344" height="373" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9pMzjdTvKlc/XvyArvnSxsI/AAAAAAAABWM/HFLPEBvuNI88M8otbFlk7of7G0vuLuB_wCK4BGAsYHg/w781-h373/BNF%2BFran%25C3%25A7ais%2B24364.png" width="781" /></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoCaption"><span lang="FR"><i><font size="2">Indirect question structure in
BNF Français 24364 f.56r</font></i></span></p></div><font face="inherit" style="line-height: 2;">The former example is also significant, largely due to the text type: dialogues designed to teach conversational French. Because the purpose of these dialogues was to impart a serviceable spoken French, and therefore designed to make the jump from text to speech, it is likely that the language they contain reflects an instructor’s view on what conversational French sounded like (or should sound like). The example is also interesting, as a rare example of asking permission using a ‘can’ question.<br /><br />The above quotations are a small section of the data gathered on my research trip. This post moreover represents the beginning of enquiry into indirect question structures in both Anglo Norman and Middle English. The presence of these constructions, which can feel disarmingly modern, raises questions: what was the need that saw these appear? I don’t suggest direction from one language to the other, but the fact that this structure appears in both languages suggests the same group of speakers. Do such constructions form part of a register?<br /><br />Returning, finally, to Machan, the nature of this type of sociolinguistic exploration can be a subtle art:</font><font face="inherit" size="2"><br /><br /></font></span></div></div><font size="2">The history of a language’s social meanings and functions is made more complicated, since it confronts not only the gaps in the historical record but also the fact that much of the linguistic self-consciousness that motivates individuals to write about sociolinguistic issues seems to be even more recent than the advent of print. (Machan 2005: 4)</font><div style="line-height: 2;"><font face="inherit" style="line-height: 2;"><br />Machan succinctly encapsulates the nature of the problem: we
are often left feeling like we are ‘reading in’ social motivations. Although,
this is also a problem shared by linguists studying live speakers.
Nevertheless, to do this sensitively, and sensibly, we must corroborate where
possible with secondary evidence, commentary, material culture, and historical
events. These considerations will inform
my next steps in this research.<br /></font><pre style="line-height: 2;"><b style="line-height: 2;">- Dr. Emily Reed, University of Sheffield</b></pre><span style="line-height: 2;"><br /><br />The zeugma in this post is dedicated to my beloved partner, Rod McDonald, who accompanied me to Aberystwyth. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KV2j3JLth_M/XvyBKRL9kkI/AAAAAAAABWg/eiwT6xzG5Z0pdry5LNjebqQT1CWmo02fgCK4BGAsYHg/s483/Codex%2BMs.%2BPal.%2BLat%2B1071%252C%2Bfolio%2B20v.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="458" height="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KV2j3JLth_M/XvyBKRL9kkI/AAAAAAAABWg/eiwT6xzG5Z0pdry5LNjebqQT1CWmo02fgCK4BGAsYHg/w474-h500/Codex%2BMs.%2BPal.%2BLat%2B1071%252C%2Bfolio%2B20v.jpg" width="474" /></a></div><span style="background: white;"></span><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Cockatoo from </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>De Arte Venandi cum Avibus</i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (The Art of Hunting with Birds) MS Pal. Lat. 1071 f.20v</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Crystal, David. 1997. <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i>, 2nd ed. Cambridge, New York: CUP.<br /><br />Culpeper, J. & Archer, D. 2008. Requests and directness in Early Modern English trial proceedings and play-texts, 1640-1760. In: <i>Speech Acts in the History of English</i>. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 45-84.<br /><br />Culpeper, J. & J. Demmen. 2011. ‘Nineteenth-century English politeness: Negative politeness, conventional indirect requests and the rise of the individual self’. <i>Journal of Historical Pragmatics</i>. 12. 49-81<br /><br />M. A. K. Halliday. 1978. <i>Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning</i>. London: Edward Arnold. <br /><br />Haugen, E. 1972. The Ecology of Language. in Dil, A. S. (ed) <i>The Ecology of Language: Essays by Einar Haugen</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press.<br /><br />Machan, Tim. 2005. <i>E</i></span><i>nglish in the Middle Ages</i>. Oxford: OUP.</div><div><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /><br />Mey, Jacob. 2001. <i>Pragmatics. An Introduction</i>. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p><font face="inherit"></font></span></div>Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-23024036540746784192019-07-18T10:34:00.003+01:002019-07-18T11:49:05.396+01:00The Anglo-Norman Prose 'Brut' Tradition<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">The Anglo-Norman Prose <i>Brut</i> Tradition<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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<o:p>[A guest blog post by Dr. Trevor Russell Smith, who visited the Anglo-Norman Dictionary project in 2018 and 2019 through a AHRC bursary] </o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Latin was the standard language
in which one wrote historical literature in England through the fifteenth
century, although chronicles, annals, histories, and poems on contemporary and
past events were sometimes written in the vernacular. The fourteenth century is
commonly seen as the point in which the vernacular of choice shifted from
Anglo-Norman French to Middle English. While the latter has received a huge
amount of attention over the past few centuries, in no small part due to
nationalism and it being more justifiably studied in the classroom, Anglo
Norman has been neglected. This is immediately evident when one seeks to
examine the historical literature written in the fourteenth century, this
supposed transitional period. Gransden, in her widely used reference work, discusses
many Latin texts but only three in Anglo Norman (the <i>Anonimalle Chronicle</i>,
the <i>French Chronicles of London</i>, and Thomas Gray’s <i>Scalacronica</i>),
each of which survives in a single manuscript each.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> However,
Dean and Boulton’s standard resource lists nearly every piece of Anglo-Norman
literature and includes a large number of historical writings from this period.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>A
Manual of the Writings in Middle English</i> likewise lists Middle English
literature and has a much-cited volume dedicated solely to historical
literature.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
A quick glance at Dean and Boulton, however, will make it evident that most
Anglo-Norman historical literature of the fourteenth century remains unpublished,
with a few texts in mostly-inaccessible PhD theses of sometimes dubious
quality. Accordingly, the bulk of attention on vernacular historical literature
in the period is given to writings in Middle English, especially the Middle
English Prose <i>Brut</i>. Indeed, the MEPB is often examined over its immediate
source, the Anglo-Norman Prose <i>Brut</i>, in no small part due to it being
available in a convenient (and now digitised) Early English Text Society
edition, but also because the tradition is incredibly complex and not yet fully
worked out.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="">[4]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn4" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
prose <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brut</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> chronicle</span>, narrating Britain’s history from its legendary
foundation to the later Middle Ages, was the most widely read secular text in
late medieval England. Originally written in French, it soon received
continuations and was developed into many versions in English and Latin, thanks
to England’s multilingual environment. In total these survive in well over two hundred
manuscripts. Its popularity was partly due to its genre defying style,
colourful stories, and propagandistic attitude. These traits, however, have
driven editors to ignore the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brut</i> in
favour of explicitly literary and historical texts. A few manuscripts of the
English and Anglo-Norman texts after the Oldest ANPB have been edited, but none
are representative and their editors do not examine them in relation to the
others (see diagram below).<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The
textual traditions have similarly been studied only in isolation and without
proper cross-language examination. Brie knew of only two-thirds of the
manuscripts and examined them briefly. Matheson, while he created the standard
resource on the English manuscripts, was not interested in the Anglo-Norman or
Latin manuscripts and only briefly mentioned them. Marvin has inspected some
manuscripts of the Short and Long ANPB texts in detail, but has not performed a
comprehensive examination of the textual tradition.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Subsequent studies of thematic elements of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brut</i> texts, such as genealogy, prophecy, and Arthurian stories,
have been severely limited due to our poor understanding of the development and
dissemination of the <i>Brut</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_obcPmn-Z1U/XTA4d1jADnI/AAAAAAAAAuU/rGZkp4uZJBA2QHe7QsNukvNxM1T1EfJygCLcBGAs/s1600/image%2B1%2B%2528Brut%2Btradition%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_obcPmn-Z1U/XTA4d1jADnI/AAAAAAAAAuU/rGZkp4uZJBA2QHe7QsNukvNxM1T1EfJygCLcBGAs/s640/image%2B1%2B%2528Brut%2Btradition%2529.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The <i>Brut</i> tradition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*click <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/ipbnvTy1NM6pNh6EA" target="_blank">here</a> for a larger image*</span></div>
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While the development of the
various versions of the MEPB are fairly linear, the ANPB’s tradition remains
tangled and has yet to be properly worked out. The Oldest ANPB (to 1272)
survives in five manuscripts, with another peculiar manuscript not used in
Marvin’s edition and an abridged text in a manuscript edited by Pagan and De
Wilde. After this, however, it gets difficult. The Short and Long ANPBs (in 16
and 32 manuscripts) both use the Oldest ANPB as their base text through 1272,
then have a very similar continuation for 1272–1307, but have independent
continuations for 1307–33. The Short ANPB copies over its –1272 text fairly
closely, but the Long ANPB makes many changes, most notably the inclusion of
prophecies on the reigns of English kings. To make things worse, there are two major
recensions of the Long ANPB that have many differences throughout, not only in
choice of words or paraphrasing, of which there is plenty. The most troubling
element is the 1272–1307 continuation, based on Pierre de Langtoft’s chronicle,
as it prevents any sort of linear or otherwise straightforward relationship.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Was there an Intermediate ANPB that carried on through 1307 but no longer
survives?<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Was the Short ANPB written through 1333 first and then the writer of the Long
ANPB took its text up to 1307 only, modified it, and then added on a
continuation of his own to 1333 (or vice versa)? Were the Short and Long ANPBs
written independently, with both of them coincidentally drawing on the Oldest
ANPB to 1272 and Langtoft for 1272–1307? Or is the tradition more labyrinthine,
like that of <i>Piers Plowman</i>?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Because
of the more than 50 manuscripts involved, in libraries in the United Kingdom,
France, Ireland, Russia, and the United States, scholars have yet to resolve
these problems (although they have been happy to offer their theories without
much supporting evidence), and therefore no proper critical editions have been
produced of the main texts.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Even during the great push to create editions in the nineteenth century the
ANPB texts were skipped over because they straddled the line between historical
and literary text, and were also not in proper continental French or Middle
English. These texts have thus, unfortunately, have languished in relative
obscurity, despite their clear importance in the period.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_uisX20lTY0/XTA5ACDj9XI/AAAAAAAAAuo/C-Rm_amEBw8NZD-aBwaj0jPx_NhFekxBACLcBGAs/s1600/image%2B2%2B%2528Short%2BANPB%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="1600" height="304" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_uisX20lTY0/XTA5ACDj9XI/AAAAAAAAAuo/C-Rm_amEBw8NZD-aBwaj0jPx_NhFekxBACLcBGAs/s640/image%2B2%2B%2528Short%2BANPB%2529.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Short Anglo-Norman Prose </span><i style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Brut</i><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> manuscripts, from
left to right, </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">first row:</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">1.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Cambridge, Corpus Christi College,
MS 98; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">2.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Cambridge, Jesus College, MS Q G 10; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">3.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Cambridge,
University Library, MS Mm I 33; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">4.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, British Library, MS Add.
35113; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">5.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, British Library, MS Cotton Cleopatra D VII; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">6.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">
London, British Library, MS Cotton Domitian A X; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">7.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, British
Library, MS Cotton Julias A I; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">8.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> New Haven, Yale University Beinecke
Library, MS 86; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">9.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> New Haven, Yale University Beinecke Library, MS 405; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">second
row:</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">10.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Oxford, Corpus Christi College, MS 78; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">11.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Oxford,
Corpus Christi College, MS 293A; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">12.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R
VII 14; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">13.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Cambridge, University Library, MS Gg I 15; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">14.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">
Dublin, Trinity College, MS 500; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">15.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Edinburgh, University Library, MS
181; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">16.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, British Library, MS Add. 18462; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">17.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London,
British Library, MS Harley 6359; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">18.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, College of Arms, MS Arundel
31; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">third row:</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">19.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, Inner Temple, MS Petyt 511.19; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">20.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">
London, Lambeth Palace Library, MS 504; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">21.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, Westminster Abbey,
MS 25; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">22.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> New Haven, Yale University Beinecke Library, MS 593; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">23.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">
Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS e Musaeo 108; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">24.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Oxford, Bodleian Library,
MS Lyell 17; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">25.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson D 329; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">26.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 12156. </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Not pictured:</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> St
Petersburg, York, Abridged, and Continental versions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">*click <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/U9WJjj1pebyXYyAw6" target="_blank">here</a> for a larger image*</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QChu5M9JWGA/XTA5tE_CUXI/AAAAAAAAAu8/Ou81-5N4z6w1vwGfx0HJBmAeNpkkhF7jQCLcBGAs/s1600/image%2B3%2B%2528Long%2BANPB%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="1600" height="353" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QChu5M9JWGA/XTA5tE_CUXI/AAAAAAAAAu8/Ou81-5N4z6w1vwGfx0HJBmAeNpkkhF7jQCLcBGAs/s640/image%2B3%2B%2528Long%2BANPB%2529.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Long Anglo-Norman Prose </span><i style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Brut</i><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> manuscripts, from
left to right, </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">first row: 1.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, MS
5028C; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">2.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Cambridge, University Library, MS Ii VI 8; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">3.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Dublin,
Trinity College, MS 501; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">4.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, British Library, MS Add 18462; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">5.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">
London, British Library, MS Royal 20 A III; <b>second row: </b></span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">6.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, British Library,
MS Cotton Cleopatra D III; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">7.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, British Library, MS Royal 20 A
XVIII; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">8.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, British Library, MS Royal Appendix 85; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">9.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">
Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 1804; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">10.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Paris, Bibliothèque
Mazarine, MS 1860. </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Not pictured:</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Intermediate (?), Lincoln’s Inn,
Continental, and Tiberius versions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">*click <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/a7U4KmxpQfEBX3zy7" target="_blank">here</a> for a larger image*</span></div>
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Besides the main texts there are
several continuations and variant versions that have yet to be properly
studied. The Short and Long ANPBs received further continuations in
Anglo-Norman, only one of which has been edited. The so-called <i>Anonimalle
Chronicle</i> continues a peculiar expanded section of the Short ANPB, which
has also been edited, but cannot be taken as a representative text. One copy of
the Short ANPB and another three copies of the Long ANPB (all independent,
perhaps adapted from a single insular copy) are in continental French, with
changes made throughout that deserve further scrutiny. There are many other
versions of the main text as well, including two peculiar abridgments of the
Long ANPB.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7h8YZZUyGv4/XTA6LZ63gPI/AAAAAAAAAvQ/LkUDweFG6WgCBBLfdXwHU14XaFJtyYzywCLcBGAs/s1600/image%2B4%2B%2528continuations%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="1588" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7h8YZZUyGv4/XTA6LZ63gPI/AAAAAAAAAvQ/LkUDweFG6WgCBBLfdXwHU14XaFJtyYzywCLcBGAs/s640/image%2B4%2B%2528continuations%2529.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The Anglo-Norman Prose <i>Brut</i> continuation manuscripts,
from left to right: <b>1.</b> Leeds, University Library, MS Brotherton 29; <b>2.</b>
London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius A VI; <b>3.</b> New Haven, Yale
University Beinecke Library, MS 86; <b>4.</b> New Haven, Yale University
Beinecke Library, MS 593; <b>5.</b> Oxford, Corpus Christi College, MS 78.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*click <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/kAouBJkbWLygLLCh9" target="_blank">here</a> for a larger image*</span></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x59elQ47-gQ/XTA6tacgDbI/AAAAAAAAAvo/smQ8ut1yEuU97KaGn1jtjiENxlGeCDAtgCLcBGAs/s1600/image%2B5%2B%2528continental%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="1294" height="234" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x59elQ47-gQ/XTA6tacgDbI/AAAAAAAAAvo/smQ8ut1yEuU97KaGn1jtjiENxlGeCDAtgCLcBGAs/s640/image%2B5%2B%2528continental%2529.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Anglo-Norman Prose </span><i style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Brut</i><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> continental manuscripts,
from left to right: </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">1.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, MS 3346; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">2.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">
London, British Library, MS Royal 19 C IX; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">3.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Paris, Bibliothèque
nationale de France, MS fr. 12155; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">4.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Paris, Bibliothèque
Sainte-Geneviève, MS 935.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">*click <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/W8N8ESSNquABUN9g9" target="_blank">here</a> for a larger image*</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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The Short ANPB (with prologue,
presumably the second recension) was later translated (and abridged a bit) into
Latin to form the first part of a four-part chronicle, the final two of which
are known as the <i>Canterbury Chronicle</i> (or, Anonymous of Canterbury’s
chronicle). This version of the <i>Brut</i> only goes to 1326 and, while it is
tempting to presume that this was translated from the one copy of the Short
ANPB that ends in the same year (Cambridge, University Library, MS Mm I 33),
the transmission here requires further study. A manuscript of the second
recension of the Long ANPB was translated into Middle English towards the end
of the fourteenth century and soon received a continuation to 1377. This
initial Middle English version only survives in a few manuscripts and likewise
needs to be studied in more depth, especially in relation to its Anglo-Norman source. It has been presumed that a particular copy of the Long ANPB (London,
British Library, MS Cotton Cleopatra D III) was the source because it has the
same chapter divisions, but a word-for-word comparison of the MEPB with the
Long ANPB shows this to be unlikely.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Canterbury Latin Prose </span><i style="font-size: 10pt;">Brut</i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> manuscripts, from
left to right: </span><b style="font-size: 10pt;">1.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> London, British Library, MS Cotton Julius B III; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt;">2.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
London, Lambeth Palace Library, MS 99; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt;">3.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Oxford, Magdalen College, MS
Lat. 200; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt;">4.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Reigate, Parish Church of St Mary Cranston Library, Item
1117.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">*click <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/1h88ShmhtyRf7LkMA" target="_blank">here</a> for a larger image*</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Middle English Prose </span><i style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Brut</i><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> (Common Version–1333)
manuscripts, from left to right, </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">first row:</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">1.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Aberystwyth,
National Library of Wales, MS Peniarth 398D; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">2.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Dublin, Trinity College, MS 490; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">3.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">
London, British Library, MS Harley 3945; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">4.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> London, Society of
Antiquaries, MS 93; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">5.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Manchester, Rylands Library, MS Eng. 103; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">second
row:</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">6.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Manchester, Rylands Library, MS Eng. 206; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">7.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> New
Haven, Yale University Beinecke Library, MS 494; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">8.</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> Oxford, Bodleian
Library, MS Bodley 840; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">9</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 323; </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">10</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">.
Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B 171. </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Not pictured:</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> New York,
Private Collection of J. D. Gordan, MS 63 (unavailable).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">*click <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/YYbmaJegbomsMy7d8" target="_blank">here</a> for a larger image*</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
So, as you can see, from the
Short and Long ANPBs sprung a wide variety of continuations, translations, and
further continuations and translations. Indeed, the genre found wide
popularity, thanks in no small part to its clearly political blending of
mythology and history to establish England’s claim over all of Britain. Many
pseudo-<i>Brut</i> chronicles were also written, some crafted from existing
chronicles and others written more or less from scratch, all of which took on
the general form of the <i>Brut</i>: a chronicle starting with the founding of
Britain that methodically traces the line of rulers down to the (then) present
day.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title="">[10]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftn10" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is therefore important for the Short and Long ANPBs to have their traditions
sorted out and to receive proper editions (and thus allow work on variant
versions, continuations, and translations to go forward). Since 2015 the
British Library and more and more institutions, thankfully, now allow personal
photography, which makes this sort of work more tenable than it was back in the
days of pencils, notebooks, and microfilms (oh my!) While there are many more
unedited and unknown chronicles from the period written in Latin, none are in
the same level of detail, let alone with such a large readership, as the Short
and Long ANPBs. The dearth of published Anglo-Norman history writing in the
fourteenth century, combined with the almost total editing of all Middle
English historical literature, has encouraged people to consider language,
national identity, and the medieval understanding of the past in the later
Middle Ages in a skewed fashion. This has obvious implications in many other
areas of medieval studies.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I
first came across the <i>Brut</i> and, in particular, the ANPB during my
doctoral studies (2013–17). I was trying to perform a comprehensive examination
of the historical literature written during the reign of Edward III (1327–77)
so that I could arrive at a full(ish) understanding of attitudes towards
various contemporary events at the time. I was shocked to find that the Short
and Long ANPBs, such obviously important texts as they were, remained without
proper editions (I was later more shocked to find so many other valuable
chronicles unedited and almost entirely unknown!) I then sought to understand
the dissemination and intended uses of these texts by listing the manuscripts
and their contents. This led to further nightmarish yet rewarding research,
which soon spiralled out of control despite the best efforts of my supervisors.
All the while I kept thinking about, and doing little bits of work on the ANPB
tradition, as it was the only one of my unedited texts for which the tradition
remained unresolved. In the end I examined 303 manuscripts, almost all in
person, visited 35 manuscript libraries, and wrote a 61-page appendix to my
thesis. Indeed, probably 90% of this work on manuscripts and my appendix had
absolutely nothing to do with the argument of my thesis, but rather stemmed
from a desire to understand what was written and how the different versions of
each text related to each other. This work has helped me move my research in
new and interesting directions that I never would have considered had I not begun
to examine the ANPB.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During
my time at Aberystwyth and the Anglo-Norman Dictionary I was able to examine an
important copy of the Long ANPB and other copies of the MEPB in the National
Library of Wales. I was also able to discuss the above problems with Heather
Pagan and Geerte De Wilde, editors of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary, both of whom
have worked on different versions of the ANPB, and also make use of the
excellent resources of the AND. The Anglo-Norman Dictionary scholarship allowed
me to keep working on this difficult subject so that I could complete my PhD
(and appendix). It has also provided me with invaluable resources to continue
doing research on the difficult problem of the ANPB tradition.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I
am currently preparing applications for three-year postdoctoral fellowships so
that I can carry out and complete this project. My study of the <i>Brut</i>
tradition and the three languages of England will disprove the common assertion
that English identity only properly developed in the Middle English literary
canon, especially from the late fourteenth century onwards. The outputs of the
project will provide valuable insight into the development of the tradition and
how it reflects ideals and attitudes towards the late-medieval world. Most
importantly, however, it will allow critical editions of the various texts to
finally be produced, and also help the ANPB to retake its place amongst the key
writings of late medieval England.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Trevor Russell Smith<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
University of Leeds<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
ego_chronicon@outlook.com<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antonia Gransden, <i>Historical
Writing in England</i>, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1974–82), vol. 2. While
Taylor discusses the Anglo-Norman writings in more detail, his work is more of
a synthesis of his previous works than a reference work: John Taylor, <i>English
Historical Literature in the Fourteenth Century</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1987).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruth J. Dean and Maureen B. M.
Boulton, <i>Anglo-Norman Literature: A Guide to Texts and Manuscripts</i>,
Anglo-Norman Text Society, Occasional Publications Series, 3 (London:
Anglo-Norman Text Society, 1999), pp. 1–65.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Manual of the Writings in Middle
English, 1050–1500</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, ed. by Burke J. Severs, Albert E. Hartung, and Peter
G. Beidler, 11 vols so far (New Haven: Connecticut Academy of Arts and
Sciences, 1967–), vol. 8.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>See n. 5 below.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For texts cited in the diagram see
‘Anonymi chronicon Godstovianum’, in <i>Guilielmi Roperi vita D. Thomae
Moriequitis aurati</i>, ed. by Thomas Hearne (Oxford: Veneunt apud editorem,
1716), pp. 180–246; Robert of Avesbury, ‘De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi
tertii’, in <i>Adae Murimuth; Robertus de Avesbury</i>, ed. by Edward Maunde
Thompson, Rolls Series, 93 (London: Eyre, 1889), pp. 279–471; <i>The Brut, or
the Chronicles of England</i>, ed. by Friedrich W. D. Brie, Early English Text
Society, Original Series, 131, 136, 2 vols (London: Paul, 1906–08); <i>The
Anonimalle Chronicle, 1333 to 1381, from a MS Written at St Mary’s Abbey, York</i>,
ed. by Vivian H. Galbraith, rev. edn (Manchester: Manchester University Press,
1970); <i>The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1307 to 1334, from Brotherton Collection MS
29</i>, ed. by Wendy R. Childs and John Taylor, Yorkshire Archaeological
Society, Record Series, 147 (Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1991); <i>The
Oldest Anglo-Norman Prose ‘Brut’ Chronicle</i>, ed. by Julia Marvin
(Woodbridge: Boydell, 2006); Canterbury Anonymous, <i>Chronicon: Chronicle,
1346–1365</i>, ed. by Charity Scott-Stokes and Chris Given-Wilson, Oxford
Medieval Texts (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2008); <i>Prose Brut to 1332</i>, ed.
by Heather Pagan, Anglo-Norman Text Society, Annual Texts, 69 (Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 2011); ‘The Anglo-Norman <i>Prose Chronicle of
Early British Kings</i>, or the <i>Abbreviated Prose Brut</i>: Text and
Translation’, ed. by Heather Pagan and Geert De Wilde, <i>Medieval Chronicle</i>,
10 (2015), 225–319.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Friedrich W. D. Brie, <i>Geschichte
und Quellen der mittelenglischen Prosachronik ‘The Brute of England’ oder ‘The
Chronicles of England’</i> (Marburg: Friedrich, 1905); Lister M. Matheson, <i>The
Prose ‘Brut’: The Development of a Middle English Chronicle</i> (Tempe:
Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1998); Julia Marvin, <i>The
Construction of Vernacular History in the Anglo-Norman Prose ‘Brut’ Chronicle:
The Manuscript Culture of Late Medieval England</i> (Woodbridge: York Medieval
Press, 2017).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pierre de Langtoft, <i>Le Règne
d’Édouard I<sup>r</sup>: Édition critique et commentée</i>, ed. by Jean Claude
Thiolier (Créteil: C.E.L.I.M.A., Université de Paris XI, 1989).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Two MSS end at 1307, but the first of these is an abridged early
version of the Long ANPB and the latter of these is a peculiar version of the
Short ANPB: Cambridge, University Library, MS Ee I 20; Oxford, Corpus Christi
College, MS 78.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One MS of the Long ANPB has been transcribed,
but it is not from a representative MS, is not compared to any of the other
MSS, and has many errors throughout: ‘The Anglo-Norman Prose <i>Brut</i>: An
Edition of British Library, MS Cotton Cleopatra D III’, ed. by Marcia Lusk
Maxwell (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, 1995).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/NDVZCQ6M/text%20v2.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See for example how Tyson
unhelpfully lumps both pseudo-<i>Brut</i> and <i>Brut</i>-proper manuscripts
together: Diana B. Tyson, ‘Handlist of Manuscripts Containing the French Prose <i>Brut</i>
Chronicle’, <i>Scriptorium</i>, 48 (1994), 333–44.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-79319327705457373992018-10-16T14:37:00.000+01:002018-10-17T10:45:15.808+01:00An introduction to concordances (now with added violence)<br />
<div class="Corps" style="line-height: 120%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Edward
Mills is a PhD student at the University of Exeter, and — like David, our <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.com/2018/10/guest-blogger-davide-battagliola.html">previous
author</a></span> — was a recipient of a bursary from the AND and the Arts and
Humanities Research Council to support research at the Dictionary’s offices. In
this guest blog post, he offers an insight into how he spent his two weeks.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="Corps" style="line-height: 120%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="Corps" style="line-height: 120%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">————</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Pardfaut" style="line-height: 120%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt 432.0pt 433.0pt 434.0pt 435.0pt 436.0pt 437.0pt 438.0pt 439.0pt 440.0pt 441.0pt 442.0pt 443.0pt 444.0pt 445.0pt 446.0pt 447.0pt 448.0pt 449.0pt 450.0pt 451.0pt 452.0pt 453.0pt 454.0pt 455.0pt 456.0pt 457.0pt 458.0pt 459.0pt 460.0pt 461.0pt 462.0pt 463.0pt 464.0pt 465.0pt 466.0pt 467.0pt 468.0pt 469.0pt 470.0pt 471.0pt 472.0pt 473.0pt 474.0pt 475.0pt 476.0pt 477.0pt 478.0pt 479.0pt 480.0pt 481.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Pardfaut" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.3pt; margin-right: 75.1pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt 432.0pt 433.0pt 434.0pt 435.0pt 436.0pt 437.0pt 438.0pt 439.0pt 440.0pt 441.0pt 442.0pt 443.0pt 444.0pt 445.0pt 446.0pt 447.0pt 448.0pt 449.0pt 450.0pt 451.0pt 452.0pt 453.0pt 454.0pt 455.0pt 456.0pt 457.0pt 458.0pt 459.0pt 460.0pt 461.0pt 462.0pt 463.0pt 464.0pt 465.0pt 466.0pt 467.0pt 468.0pt 469.0pt 470.0pt 471.0pt 472.0pt 473.0pt 474.0pt 475.0pt 476.0pt 477.0pt 478.0pt 479.0pt 480.0pt 481.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica neue medium" , sans-serif;">E quant l’</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "helvetica neue medium" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: IT;">enfant fust de set anz, si le manderent a Joce de Dynan pur aprendre e
noryr, quar Joce fust chevaler de bone aprise.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica neue medium" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Medium"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Medium";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">And when the child was seven years
old, they gave him to Joce of Dinan to be taught and brought up, since Joce was
a knight of great learning.</span></i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1</span></sup><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">London,
British Library, MS Royal 12 C XII (fol. 36r). Spot the reference to ‘aprendre
e noryr’!</span></i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">You’re seven years old. You didn’t sleep well last night — even an
aristocratic family like yours, after all, isn’t immune from the winter chill —
and you shiver slightly as you rise and go to rub the sleep from your eyes.
Then you remember what your father told you the previous evening: that today
was going to be different. From today onwards, you’ll be staying up the valley,
and wise knight Joce, to … to …</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">… to what? This passage, taken from early in the Anglo-Norman ‘ancestral
romance’, </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fouke le
Fitz Waryn</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, certainly allows us to conjure a vivid image of the
young title character at the moment of his departure from his parents, but it’s
far less useful in understanding what young nobles like Fulke would have done
after leaving their families behind. What exactly would Fouke, taken away from
his household at the age of seven, have expected to gain from his time in the
household of Joce of Dinan? All that the Anglo-Norman text really tells us is
that Joce was expected to ‘aprendre e norir’ the seven-year-old Fouke; shortly
afterwards; we get the briefest of hints about what this might involve, when we
are told that Joce ‘le nourry en ces chambres ou ces enfaunz’ (‘brought him up
in his household with his own children’). That’s still not all that much to go
on, though, especially given that the Anglo-Norman Dictionary defines both
apprendre and </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">norrir
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">as ‘to bring up, to educate’, making, for both words,
reference to precisely this passage. Why, then, would our 14th-century author
have used both of these terms if they were synonyms of one another? There’s
certainly an element of stylistic doubling going on here, as well as doubtless
some semantic overlap, but do the terms </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">aprendre</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
and </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">norir</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, along with other Anglo-Norman ‘verbs of education’, really map onto
one another quite that easily?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These are some of the questions that I’m trying to answer in my PhD. In
the interests of full disclosure, I should probably mention that my PhD isn’t
actually on the subject of </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fouke le Fitz Waryn</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: he texts that I’m looking at are far more overtly
didactic in nature, often devoid of a narrative and displaying a forthright
desire to instruct their audiences from the outset. Examples from narrative
literature such as </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fouke</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, though, do illustrate the semantic slipperiness of much medieval
French terminology in the area of education. When an Anglo-Norman author uses a
term such as </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">aprendre
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">or </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">enseigner </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">in a prologue to a didactic text, what kind of
‘education’ does this term imply? What, in short, can the words that
Anglo-Norman scribes used tell us about vernacular understandings of
instruction?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Questions in this broad research area are at the heart of my PhD, which
looks at a range of Anglo-Norman didactic texts to address how education was
imagined and enacted through French in post-Conquest England. Looking specifically
at word choice, though, brought me into contact with something that I’d not
really worked on before: historical lexical semantics. This discipline combines
the study of word meaning with an interest in how languages change over time,
and during my two weeks at the AND, I’ve been making use of its unique
resources, many of which tie in directly to the AND staff’s own research
interests in semantics and lexicography. In this blog post, I’d like to offer a
brief introduction to one of them: concordance software, or more specifically,
how a piece of very 21<sup>st</sup>-century technology can help us to
understand the world-view of a mid-14<sup>th</sup>-century scribe.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">The primary function of
concordance software is — well — producing concordances. Full ‘concordances to
a text’ are fairly simple in theory: they’re essentially just a listing of
every instance where each word appears within that particular work, arranged in
alphabetical order. They’re used for all kinds of work in linguistics, but have
traditionally been very laborious to produce. For one thing, they’re (by
definition) many times longer than the original works themselves; if someone
were to produce a full concordance to </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Fulke</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">, for
instance, the sentence with which this post began would appear on something
like ten separate occasions, one for each of </span><i><span lang="EN-US">enfant</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">, </span><i><span lang="EN-US">anz</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">,
</span><i><span lang="EN-US">manderent</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">, and so on. (Mercifully,
function words like </span><i><span lang="EN-US">e</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;"> and </span><i><span lang="EN-US">quant</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">
tend to be omitted.) To give an idea of just how terrifying printed
concordances can be, here’s a snapshot of one page from the </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Concordance to the French Poetry and Prose of John Gower</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">, which the
AND rather handily had on the shelves in the office:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">Most people using
concordances, of course, won’t need to refer to every single word in the text;
instead, like me, they’ll be looking at a handful. This is where concordance
software such as what the AND uses comes into its own: producing a ‘limited’
concordance, which only searches for instances of a single string of characters
across a corpus, can be done very quickly by dedicated programs, as these can
plow through millions of words of Anglo-Norman set out in .txt format. Richard
Ingham, for instance, has established a concordance of Anglo-Norman noun
modifiers — </span><i><span lang="EN-US">cel(e), cest(e), nul(e), tut(e)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;"> — in order to
investigate whether or not gender marking of noun modifiers is retained in
later Anglo-Norman. By looking at the context to these words </span><i><span lang="EN-US">en masse, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">made
possible by the way in which the concordance software arranges its material,
specifically the nouns that they refer to, it becomes possible to infer whether
‘incorrect’ renderings (along the lines of *cel chose, *ceste munde) is as
frequent as one would expect them to be, if the descriptions of later
Anglo-Norman as ‘decadent’ are to be believed. (Spoiler alert: they aren’t.)<sup>2</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">My interests, though, are
less grammatical and more semantic: I’m less interested in the precise
realisations of a given lexeme than the various meanings that are ascribed to
it across Anglo-Norman texts. With work like this, the concordance isn’t a
magic bullet: just looking at the immediate context of a word won’t tell me
everything I need to know about how it was understood. I therefore need to take
a look at the broader context — usually around ten lines either side of the
word I’m looking for — in order to gain a firmer handle on is meant by a
particular use of (say) chastier. Thankfully, concordance software is still
useful in this respect, as it can show me precisely that in a separate window —
and if I really want to consult the print version, I can always fall back on
the extensive library of texts available at the AND.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fp_3mPtFIk0/W8Xnug6An4I/AAAAAAAAArA/FoCFP6EXLpMK9P0BawVeQ4yA4GnMgZMNQCEwYBhgL/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="1280" height="371" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fp_3mPtFIk0/W8Xnug6An4I/AAAAAAAAArA/FoCFP6EXLpMK9P0BawVeQ4yA4GnMgZMNQCEwYBhgL/s640/3.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Corps" style="line-height: 120%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">While I’m using a
separate piece of software here — CasualConc 2.1, for the curious, thanks to
its offline functionality — the AND has almost exactly the same functionality
available, in a very user-friendly yet powerful online interface. Concordances
of particular strings can be created both out of the Anglo-Norman Textbase
(which currently includes over 70 texts from the twelfth to the fifteenth
century) and from all of the citations that make up the entries in the
Dictionary itself. Over the two weeks I spent at the AND, I had enormous fun
probing the possibilities of concordance searching, which caters from simple
string-searches all the way up to comprehensive support for regular expressions
(for the real nerds out there), and cataloguing the various ways in which
specific verbs of education are employed. Among the results for a search of </span><i><span lang="EN-US">norrir</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">,
of course, can be found a single instance of a double-verb sub-clause that
offers the tiniest glimpse of what education meant to authors of prose
romances.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="Corps" style="line-height: 120%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Corps" style="line-height: 120%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">Don’t worry about Fulke,
by the way. His education turns out all right in the end — all right enough,
anyway, for him to be saving Joce de Dinan’s life (two pages and 11 years
later) and slicing enemies in two. Perhaps we should be grateful that that
particular facet of Anglo-Norman education hasn’t survived into the modern
curriculum.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="Corps" style="line-height: 120%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">————</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Corps" style="line-height: 120%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif;">Edward is a PhD student
at the University of Exeter. During his time at the AND, he shared out a series
of ‘fun facts’ about the AND, which you can read on his <span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://twitter.com/edward_mills">Twitter profile</a></span>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Corps" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Corps" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Corps" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">———</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">E. J.
Hathaway, P. T. Ricketts, C. A. Robson and A. D. Wilshere (eds.), </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt;">Fouke le Fitz Waryn</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">
(Oxford: Anglo-Norman Text Society, 1975), p. 10.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">2</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;"> Richard
Ingham, 'Final -e loss in insular french: Exploring the Anglo-Norman Hub
Textbase', in </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt;">Past and
Future Research in Anglo-Norman: Aberystwyth Colloquium, July 2011</span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">, ed. by David Trotter (Aberystwyth: The Anglo-Norman
Online Hub, 2012), pp. 69-77.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">On perceptions of later Anglo-Norman as ‘decadent’, see
Ian Short, 'L’anglo-normand au siècle de Chaucer </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">: un r</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">égain de
statistiques', in </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Le plurilinguisme au Moyen Âge</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">, ed.
by Claire Kappler and Suzanne Thioller-Mejean (Paris: L’</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "helvetica neue light" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt;">Harmattan, 2009), pp. 67-77.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-2053692803573227582018-10-04T13:18:00.000+01:002018-10-04T13:38:48.276+01:00guest blogger: Davide Battagliola<br />
<h3>
<i style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="GSW-FR" style="text-transform: uppercase;">Davide Battagliola</span><span lang="GSW-FR">,
post-doctoral researcher from the University of Milan visited the Anglo-Norman
Dictionary project for 4 weeks in July-August 2018 – thanks to a bursary from
the AND and the AHRC (Arts and Humanities Research Council). During this
period, he was able to continue his research in Aberyswyth, making use of the
materials, resources and expertise of the AND team.</span></i></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="GSW-FR"><o:p></o:p></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="GSW-FR">He
writes the following blogpost on his project.</span></i></span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="GSW-FR">__________________________________________________________________</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="GSW-FR"><br /></span></i></div>
<br />
<h2>
<span lang="GSW-FR">Writing Morality in the Anglo-Norman World</span></h2>
<div>
<span lang="GSW-FR"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
We can find a high number of continental
manuscripts transmitting the <i>Livre de Moralitez</i>. This French translation
of William of Conches’ <i>Moralium Dogma Philosophorum</i> achieved a
remarkable success throughout Europe during the Middle Ages; yet, little did we
know about the circulation of this moral treatise in medieval Britain.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wRnHyoBi3D0/W7YDZW5of3I/AAAAAAAAAqc/Q9YxNx8SIMkcJ0AlbT9FL2y2EcNqU9YbgCLcBGAs/s1600/yffi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="1039" height="205" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wRnHyoBi3D0/W7YDZW5of3I/AAAAAAAAAqc/Q9YxNx8SIMkcJ0AlbT9FL2y2EcNqU9YbgCLcBGAs/s400/yffi.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IT">The treatise opens with the author falling asleep
and being visited in his dream by ancient philosophers and writers</span><span lang="IT"> (miniature taken from
the ms. Torino, Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, L.III.14)</span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR">In
his 1929 edition, John Holmberg already pointed out how the manuscript K
(Paris, BnF, fr 25407), the only Anglo-Norman witness, offered a remarkably
different text than the version widely read on the Continent. Whats’s more, K
appeared to provide a more reliable version of the work. One may ask why
Holmberg did not use this manuscript to establish his edition, but we all know
that back in the 1920s the Anglo-Norman language was still considered nothing
more than the <i>faux français d’Angleterre</i>…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR">The
Swedish scholar also supposed the existence of a common source for the
manuscript K and Paris, BnF, 1822 (= L), which transmits an abridged form of
the treatise<i>.</i> Traditionally thought to be produced in Wallonie, L was
copied by Servais Copale. In his latest monograph, Keith Busby affirms that the
scribe operated in Ireland, a statement which would in fact need further study.
But, regardless of its geographical provenance, the manuscript L undoubtedly
exhibits an interesting mixture of both Anglo-Norman and Walloon traits. Moreover,
Holmberg was not aware of the existence of another insular witness, that is
Cambridge, Corpus Christi College Library, 405 (Cc).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR">During
my staying at Aberystwyth – funded by a bursary from the Anglo-Norman
Dictionary together with the AHRC – I had the opportunity to study these three
manuscripts from a textual and linguistic point a view. It has been of
particular interest to focus on the lexical peculiarities of this version. Take
for example the following sentence about the virtue (!) of cruelty:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="GSW-FR">La tierce meniere de cruaté est de
chacier hors des genz les larrons, les ocianz et touz cels qui mainent tel
meniere de vie, car il ne font a soffrir en compaignie de genz</span></i><span lang="GSW-FR" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="GSW-FR">(The third kind of cruelty is to chase
away thieves, murderers and all those who lead such kind of life, as they are
not to be tolerated in the community)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Whereas
the Continental version uses the form <i>ocianz</i>, manuscripts K and L read <span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><i><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/homicide1">homicides</a></i></b></span>;
interestingly enough, Cc chooses the otherwise unattested form <i>murdrerus</i>
(cf. AND entry<b> <span class="MsoHyperlink"><i><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/murdrier">murdrier</a></i></span></b>).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR">An
analysis of the context of K and Cc also allowed me to explain the occasional
presence of sentences drawn from the Bible, one of the most striking feature of
the Anglo-Norman redaction. In a treatise mostly composed of quotes by great
men of the Antiquity, such as Seneca and Cicero, these biblical insertions can
be attributed to the influence of monastic Orders: indeed, the codex Cc
belonged to the Hospitaller brethren of Saint John of Jerasulem in Waterford;
as for L, the scribe Servais Copale worked in harness with the Hiberno-Norman
Dominican author Jofroi de Waterford.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2Zw-_AW258A/W7YDfRuGpAI/AAAAAAAAAqo/VS2fpqg7RSY6Flo54gskmIyMCU2z6gTIACEwYBhgL/s1600/tftyuc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2Zw-_AW258A/W7YDfRuGpAI/AAAAAAAAAqo/VS2fpqg7RSY6Flo54gskmIyMCU2z6gTIACEwYBhgL/s1600/tftyuc.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i>BnF fr.
1822 also transmits Jofroi de
Waterford's adaption of the ‘Secretum Secretorum’. This version contains a
curious section devoted to the different vareties of wine</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR">Once
again a comparison with the continental version is of great interest. In
Holmberg’s edition we read: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="GSW-FR">Li membre de felonie si sont paors,
auarice et couoitise. Paors est quant ·i· hons viaut nuire a ·i· autre et il a
paor, si nel fait, qu'il i ait domage.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="GSW-FR">(The parts of felony are fear, greed and covetousness.
Fear is when a man wants to harm another one and he is afraid of having a
damage if he does not do that)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR">The insular witnesses replace <i>paors</i>
with <span class="MsoHyperlink"><i><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/peresce">peresce</a></i></span>
(‘lazyness’). No wonder that, within the cold walls of a cloister, a monk could
indulge from time to time in the sweet temptation of staying in bed until late!
Of course the Anglo-Norman <i>Livre de Moralitez</i> gives a nicer ring to it:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span lang="GSW-FR">Peresce si est qant hom devient lent et
parceus de ben fere pur pur </span></i><span lang="GSW-FR">(sic)<i> pour de
terrene damage.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="GSW-FR"><span style="background-color: white;">(Laziness is when someone becomes slow and
lazy in doing good deeds because he is afraid of wordly damages)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR">Were these insertion a mean to
counterpoint the mundane, maybe too secular, nature of William of Conches’
compendium? It is just one of the many questions arising from this fascinating
Anglo-Norman adaptation of the <i>Livre de Moralitez</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GSW-FR"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="GSW-FR" style="text-transform: uppercase;">- Davide Battagliola</span></i><span lang="GSW-FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-71663592750115243432017-10-27T08:34:00.001+01:002017-10-27T09:14:53.182+01:00Announcement: Bursary for study of Anglo-Norman<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Anglo-Norman Dictionary (</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">www.anglo-norman.net</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">),
an AHRC funded project held at Aberystwyth University, would like to invite
expressions of interest in a post-graduate bursary fund supporting research on
Anglo-Norman.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F0x8OCRjoPM/WfLmzQt6BYI/AAAAAAAAAoM/7DAye9s0ig0Ce393ty4XSlx0wep9FS3SwCLcBGAs/s1600/old%2Bcollege%2Baberystwyth%2Buniversity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1045" data-original-width="1600" height="261" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F0x8OCRjoPM/WfLmzQt6BYI/AAAAAAAAAoM/7DAye9s0ig0Ce393ty4XSlx0wep9FS3SwCLcBGAs/s400/old%2Bcollege%2Baberystwyth%2Buniversity.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">(Aberystwyth Univeristy, Old College)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;">(image taken from http://sirgarblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/redevelopment-of-aberystwyths-old.html)</span></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Over the next four years, five bursaries, of
up to £1000 each, will be available to support post-graduate students and their
research on projects related to Anglo-Norman. Applicants will be able to make
use of the considerable resources available at the Dictionary office, including
editions of Anglo-Norman works as well as a vast library of works on
Anglo-Norman, Romance linguistics, etymology and lexicography. As visiting
scholars at Aberystwyth University, applicants will also be able to make use of
the university library as well as that of the National Library of Wales.
Applicants may be asked to give a short research presentation to the department
or write a blog post about their research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The bursary is intended to be used towards
the cost of travel and accommodation in Aberystwyth. Applicants should submit a
short description of their research for consideration as well as a summary of potential
expenses.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u0S9DfPZ6mA/WfLqKWgInZI/AAAAAAAAAoY/ctumgtvM2BsNp30BUrxbOs2ppA5St2fhQCLcBGAs/s1600/Bettisfeld%2B2%2B%2528jpg%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1222" height="236" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u0S9DfPZ6mA/WfLqKWgInZI/AAAAAAAAAoY/ctumgtvM2BsNp30BUrxbOs2ppA5St2fhQCLcBGAs/s400/Bettisfeld%2B2%2B%2528jpg%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">(excerpt from MS Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, Bettisfeld 18) </span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Expressions of interest and any questions
should be directed the editors, Dr Geert De Wilde and Dr. Heather Pagan at </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="mailto:anglonormandictionary@gmail.com"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">anglonormandictionary@gmail.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
by December 1st, 2017, for travel in 2018. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-16183284996953794692017-09-18T08:55:00.001+01:002017-09-24T19:11:03.315+01:00Anglo-Norman and Sound Art<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><i>Describing the meaning and semantic range
of Anglo-Norman words has always been, and still is, the primary function of
the Anglo-Norman Dictionary. However, the online AND (<a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/">www.anglo-norman.net</a>) also provides material,
tools and research possibilities for medievalists, linguists and many other
disciplines. When Dr. Alan Chamberlain, Senior Fellow in the Department of
Computer Science of the University of Nottingham, visited us last week, to talk
about a new and exciting project he proposes between his Mixed Reality Lab
(University of Nottingham) and the Anglo-Norman Dictionary, the
cross-disciplinary potential of online AND resources was clearly central to his
ideas.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><i>Dr. Chamberlain explains his views on
scholarly innovation through incorporating Anglo-Norman and the AND in his
Experimental Digital Humanities and Sound Art:<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Funnily
enough I’d been reading a book on medicine in medieval society and had come
across the Anglo-Norman word <a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/mire2"><b>mire</b></a> referring to a specific sort
of medical practitioner. I’d looked up
and come across the AHRC funded Anglo-Norman Dictionary project, and I’d met
the Principal Investigator (Dr Geert De Wilde) previously at a Digital
Humanities conference and a Sound Art symposium. So I thought I’d get in touch. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t5cB5JxYAx8/Wb96DtZT_MI/AAAAAAAAAn0/NK-Vp8eaZD0Kd1lstSyNK5YWPK3glrJJgCLcBGAs/s1600/20170915_115637.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="991" data-original-width="1150" height="343" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t5cB5JxYAx8/Wb96DtZT_MI/AAAAAAAAAn0/NK-Vp8eaZD0Kd1lstSyNK5YWPK3glrJJgCLcBGAs/s400/20170915_115637.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Dr. Geert De Wilde (AND) and Dr. Alan Chamberlain (University of Nottingham) </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br />
As someone who researches HCI (Human Computer Interaction) archives, their
building and design are interesting, but I think that the Dictionary is much
more than an archive, it’s a great resource that goes beyond mere semantics,
and provides a resource for anyone that wants to engage with and use the
content that they hold and work with.
Currently I lead the Design and Performance strands of the EPSRC funded
FAST Project <a href="http://www.semanticaudio.ac.uk/">http://www.semanticaudio.ac.uk</a>,
so it was interesting to see how the dictionary dealt with semantics and sound
from a historical perspective. It’s not difficult to see how this might be
developed in the future, as another strand of the dictionary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">I’m currently working on developing an
immersive opera-based experience with the Finnish composer Maria Kallionpää,
and in August I performed a work that I’d been developing with Prof Dave De
Roure and Pip Willcox, from the University of Oxford and Bodleian Library,
based on Ada Lovelace. Our investigation and experiments started to form a
methodology that we called –‘Experimental Digital Humanities’. The performance
can be found here: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/alain_du_norde/the-gift-the-algorithm-beyond-autonomy-and-control" target="_blank">The Gift the Algorithm: Beyond Autonomy and Control (Live)</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br />
I’ve just started to look at working
with the Anglo-Norman Dictionary Project and using their content and expertise
to inform another piece that I have started to mentally sketch out, and I would
like to work more with them in the future. I already have a pile of references
and notes – both on Anglo-Norman medicinal sources and on semantic fields
within the dictionary of ‘sound’ (cf. their extremely useful ‘Search by
semantic or usage labels’ option) from the visit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-S8GO3Ys82_Y/Wb96o_GOO9I/AAAAAAAAAoA/z5GXDK47__oQwUzKNIAnV_Ogik2KYda1gCEwYBhgL/s1600/20170915_081612.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="950" data-original-width="636" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-S8GO3Ys82_Y/Wb96o_GOO9I/AAAAAAAAAoA/z5GXDK47__oQwUzKNIAnV_Ogik2KYda1gCEwYBhgL/s400/20170915_081612.jpg" width="267" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">
The research that is funded in the UK is of international importance and really
does offer people the chance to work together to explore and create innovative
and impactful experiences that wouldn’t normally happen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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<span lang="EN-US">- Dr Alan <a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chamberlein" target="_blank">Chamberlain</a> (note the Anglo-Norman Dictionary entry on his name!) is a Senior Fellow in
the Department of Computer Science (Mixed Reality Lab), University of
Nottingham, a visiting Academic at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of
the Royal Society of the Arts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-60618740934070271192017-05-05T09:37:00.000+01:002017-06-07T16:58:05.771+01:00AND site update: Search by semantic tag<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="lsystem"></a>revised semantic labeling system<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Already in the first published fascicle of AND<sup>1</sup> (back in the
late 1970s), the English definitions sometimes were given a semantic category
label. For example, sub <b>abatre</b><sup>1</sup>, the sense ‘to abate, put an end to’ was
labelled ‘(law)’ and the sense ‘fir
tree’ sub <b>abiet</b> had the label ‘(bot.)’. These
bracketed items served to clarify the semantic context, identifying the first
example as a <u>legal</u> term and the second as belonging to the semantic
domain of <u>botany</u>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">However, even in the first phases of the AND<sup>2</sup>, no clear
editorial policy, let alone statement, existed about what labels should be
used, where or why. In practice these labels (eccl., orn., med., nav., culin., arithm.
etc.) were inserted <i>ad hoc</i>,
as and when an individual editor thought it would clarify a definition. As a
result, such labels as were present were seriously inconsistent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 2.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(For further
discussion of this, see Geert De Wilde, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">‘Re-Considering the
Semantic Labels of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary’, in: David Trotter, <i>Present and Future Research in Anglo-Norman:
Aberystwyth Colloquium, July 2011</i>, Aberystwyth, The Anglo-Norman Online
Hub, 2012, pp. 143-50; available for download on </span><a href="https://aber.academia.edu/GeertWilde"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">https://aber.academia.edu/GeertWilde</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">As a major 'deliverable' of the AHRC award which funded the revision of
letters N to Q between 2012 and 2017, the </span>labeling<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> of entries was completely
re-thought and re-implemented A-Z. A more comprehensive and clearly defined set
of 105 </span></span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">semantic labels</b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> was established, drawing on but also
extending and rationalizing those already AND, and on semantic systems applied
by the OED, the HTE and the </span></span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">disciplines</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> used in TLF. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QOWRVAG6LnY/WQw2RPEXXtI/AAAAAAAAAnM/NVD8kvnQmUcQMqP4ADRgySGY8jTxRZHWgCLcB/s1600/06.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QOWRVAG6LnY/WQw2RPEXXtI/AAAAAAAAAnM/NVD8kvnQmUcQMqP4ADRgySGY8jTxRZHWgCLcB/s400/06.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The outcome is a searchable semantic network underlying the dictionary
definitions, which will be extended and refined as the revision of entries
progressively adds new material, and as earlier sections of the AND are
reworked. Further labels may be added and others may still be adjusted.
However, as it is, the present system provides solid information and a reliable
outcome that, for the first time, enables AND-users to study and investigate
the Anglo-Norman language from a semantic perspective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Searching the labels<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The brand new label searching interface can be entered either from its
link on the site home page (‘</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/label-search.shtml?session=SSGB7732T1493913162"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Search
by semantic or usage labels</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">’)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, or from the dictionary’s entry-browsing
interface, using the ≡ icon, near the top right of the screen.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7_KkzVK1Uj8/WQw2QMcCnmI/AAAAAAAAAnc/n_JvBEg1AJEDDXdOEeSuAluVyfeekkQXQCEw/s1600/02.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7_KkzVK1Uj8/WQw2QMcCnmI/AAAAAAAAAnc/n_JvBEg1AJEDDXdOEeSuAluVyfeekkQXQCEw/s400/02.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The label searching interface opens. In the left-hand area is an
alphabetical list of the <b>semantic labels</b>.
[A second tab in that area lists <b>Usage
labels </b>(i.e. labels that do not indicate semantic areas, but ‘usage’, such
as ‘ironic’, ‘curse’, ‘euphemism’ ‘figurative’), and a third one <b>Groups of labels</b>, which are in effect
pre-selected multi-label queries which automate and combine some of the
separate steps for building a label query, which are described below)].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The ‘info’ symbol displays explanatory information (in the second
column) about how exactly each label is defined, with, in some cases, hints
about possible alternative or additional labels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ePc0bjkUCyw/WQw2RdS93yI/AAAAAAAAAnc/y03bK3gBlxQthmP3-8RaExyPpw0isTWrwCEw/s1600/defin.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ePc0bjkUCyw/WQw2RdS93yI/AAAAAAAAAnc/y03bK3gBlxQthmP3-8RaExyPpw0isTWrwCEw/s400/defin.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Highlight one or more labels, click ‘search’, and all entries with there
relevant senses will appear in the second box.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wLo15Md1obU/WQw2QZMC4GI/AAAAAAAAAnc/c0FyPxFcTs0QCx7a_waHyoGQ5p2w1-j_wCEw/s1600/05.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wLo15Md1obU/WQw2QZMC4GI/AAAAAAAAAnc/c0FyPxFcTs0QCx7a_waHyoGQ5p2w1-j_wCEw/s640/05.png" width="572" /></a></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Click
on any blue headword, and </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">the third column will show a
fuller extract from the entry concerned, comprising the part(s) of speech of
the labelled sense(s) and the actual sense itself, with its gloss and the
attestation(s) attached to it, including their sigla and location reference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GpCL8mM4Mcg/WQw5dFHZLxI/AAAAAAAAAnk/HnUNvyE_g0oDEp5STOwMG3zI0sJp-N29gCLcB/s1600/06a.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="496" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GpCL8mM4Mcg/WQw5dFHZLxI/AAAAAAAAAnk/HnUNvyE_g0oDEp5STOwMG3zI0sJp-N29gCLcB/s640/06a.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Multiple search terms and logical
operators<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">You may select as many labels as you wish. Each time a
dropdown-menu will appear between two selected labels offering the options
‘AND’, ‘OR’ and ‘NOT’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X8FSJUK97Go/WQw2Q4nnc3I/AAAAAAAAAnc/E2BWiigoKFMygGS5jG2pbzbbjnEAiQ1BACEw/s1600/07.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="383" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X8FSJUK97Go/WQw2Q4nnc3I/AAAAAAAAAnc/E2BWiigoKFMygGS5jG2pbzbbjnEAiQ1BACEw/s400/07.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The logical operator ‘OR’ retrieves every sense that has either of the
labels concerned alone (as well as both of them together). ‘AND’ between two
search terms produces a smaller number of results because both of the labels
must be present on a given sense. Finally ‘NOT’ removes all instances of a
given semantic tag (for example ‘weapons’ but NOT ‘military’).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The most common group
queries have already been added under the third tab in the first column of
preconfigured ‘Groups’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JF5I-lKcoko/WQw2RDedisI/AAAAAAAAAnc/bYSS4UF6wEggohfXmAWj1TsXaaypbCcWgCEw/s1600/08.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JF5I-lKcoko/WQw2RDedisI/AAAAAAAAAnc/bYSS4UF6wEggohfXmAWj1TsXaaypbCcWgCEw/s640/08.png" width="572" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">For example, the group ‘Fauna’ represents the string <b>‘amph.
</b>OR <b>crustacean </b>OR <b>horses</b>
OR <b>ich</b>. OR <b>insect</b> OR <b>mammals</b> OR <b>orn</b>. OR <b>rept</b>.
OR <b>zool.’</b>, and retrieves all Anglo-Norman lexis for animals. As with the
other searches, further semantic tags can be added or removed. Furthermore, the
results can be ‘pruned’, as all extracts in the right hand can also be removed
individually. </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">(They
can always be restored by reselecting them in the central column).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is possible to download the results of each search, by clicking on
the ‘download the extracts below’ button: a file will be sent to your browser
with the extracts concerned which you can then store and view locally. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-69091991911857301722017-04-06T09:47:00.003+01:002017-04-14T18:48:23.404+01:00AND site update: interface and layout<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
the new updated version of the AND site (<a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/">www.anglo-norman.net</a>), there are now various ways of
adjusting the way an entry is displayed and, to a certain extent, to customize the dictionary’s
interface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. <b>Font
size. </b>You can enlarge or reduce the font size of displayed entries using
the A+ and A- buttons on the button bar </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">near the top of the screen</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Cg2FHPWXP68/WOX_UvzAYsI/AAAAAAAAAmY/_jBcax9PHioIUWviHCU8HSoa4GUuE-j2ACLcB/s1600/A.%2Bsize%2Bbutton.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Cg2FHPWXP68/WOX_UvzAYsI/AAAAAAAAAmY/_jBcax9PHioIUWviHCU8HSoa4GUuE-j2ACLcB/s400/A.%2Bsize%2Bbutton.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. <b>Hide
citations. </b>You can hide or reveal the citations in a displayed entry using
the ‘[SHOW/HIDE] Citations’ button, also on the button bar. Particularly in
longer entries, this option may be useful to get a quick overview of the full
semantic range of a word.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GL6m7huPBhw/WOX_TzDyN2I/AAAAAAAAAmE/C16JdA0tMOAlwYrEoiyjIvsGuAsHgngxgCEw/s1600/A.%2Bcits%2Bbutton.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GL6m7huPBhw/WOX_TzDyN2I/AAAAAAAAAmE/C16JdA0tMOAlwYrEoiyjIvsGuAsHgngxgCEw/s400/A.%2Bcits%2Bbutton.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">It has to be noted that unlike the ‘sense boxes’ already available for a while in longer entries, this new feature includes a) all of the semantic tags and b) all locutions and their senses.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Hbzu-7NaUW0/WOX_T-fGguI/AAAAAAAAAmk/N9_8kTSOd14W2Ws9IwhkMoHVKHyu0i9tACEw/s1600/A.%2Bcits%2Bonly.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="600" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Hbzu-7NaUW0/WOX_T-fGguI/AAAAAAAAAmk/N9_8kTSOd14W2Ws9IwhkMoHVKHyu0i9tACEw/s640/A.%2Bcits%2Bonly.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. <b>Display
layout. </b>Using the "gear wheel" setting icon at the top of
the screen you can choose between three display layouts for the entry:
"Compact", roughly equivalent to the previous standard layout, or
"Normal" or "Expanded" which add progressively more white
space and line-breaks between entry components. These layout settings "stick" for the
remainder of your session unless you choose to change them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7jy6urnVjY8/WOX_ULURyJI/AAAAAAAAAmk/yjD7CtSVcTgI8our6mauyUOjRVaC77MXACEw/s1600/A.%2Bdipsplay%2Blayout.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7jy6urnVjY8/WOX_ULURyJI/AAAAAAAAAmk/yjD7CtSVcTgI8our6mauyUOjRVaC77MXACEw/s640/A.%2Bdipsplay%2Blayout.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Older features remain active and may be worth reminding
of:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. <b>Expand
the reference. </b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If
you click or tap on any reference siglum following a citation, bibliographical
information for that siglum will appear in a small window of its own.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0BrBNLq9_-g/WOX_Uj6WEZI/AAAAAAAAAmk/gyKL2GPjrA4CR3v8CelxLXzlHPq69rPAwCEw/s1600/A.ss037.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="379" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0BrBNLq9_-g/WOX_Uj6WEZI/AAAAAAAAAmk/gyKL2GPjrA4CR3v8CelxLXzlHPq69rPAwCEw/s640/A.ss037.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
<b>Look up any word in any citation.</b> If
you double-click on any Anglo-Norman form within a citation, the server will
send back, in an overlaid window, the results of looking up the form you have
double-clicked on in the Dictionary, followed by a list of all the citations in
which that form occurs.</span> (This feature does not work on tablets or
touchscreen devices.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WPhNZfKvijI/WOX_U9F8bOI/AAAAAAAAAmk/OWOWbRtg638g8vvWeiTTw-eupiOgQlIhQCEw/s1600/A.ss039.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WPhNZfKvijI/WOX_U9F8bOI/AAAAAAAAAmk/OWOWbRtg638g8vvWeiTTw-eupiOgQlIhQCEw/s640/A.ss039.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
<b>Get a list of consulted entries. </b>The
server maintains a list of the entries you have consulted, either by choosing
them from a pick list, or by following cross references within entry bodies,
for as long as your session lasts. (Your "session" generally comes to
an end when either close down your browser, or load a completely different site
into the tab or window you have been using to view the AND). In the button bar
near the top of the main browsing interface, you will see a link labelled
"List entries visited". Clicking this link will cause whatever wordlist
you have displayed to the left of the screen to be replaced by a list of the
entries you have viewed so far.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The site has been redesigned to be fully usable on
Apple Ipad devices, including the Ipad Mini 2 and later. Some Android-based
tablets will also give satisfactory results, but there is too much variability
among Android devices to support them comprehensively. It is also not
practicable within the project's current budget to make all the features of the
Dictionary usable on mobile telephones. However for occasional use to look up
A-N words where no other device is available, the main browsing / searching
interface (though not other portions of the site) will adapt to the dimensions
of a phone-sized display, enabling the main facilities of that interface (the
scrolling wordlist and the search by free-form entry).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-20879619896900522822017-03-29T13:14:00.002+01:002017-04-14T18:47:31.095+01:00AND site update: search options<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Last week, the lay-out and presentation of the
online AND [<a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/">http://www.anglo-norman.net</a>] was updated (for the first time since it was opened to the public back in
2006!), making it compatible for use on computers, tablets or handheld devices
and adding new features. In the next couple of blog-posts, we will talk you
through some of the possibilities and changes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">One immediately striking difference is that the main AND page
now has <i>two</i> search boxes – two main
ways of accessing entries in the dictionary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2_XGnblJBeQ/WNul0eRlboI/AAAAAAAAAlw/XXzWkpc0jnkM9xczndy0qe08jjVB6V0bQCLcB/s1600/Screenshot%2B2017-03-27%2B08.54.132.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2_XGnblJBeQ/WNul0eRlboI/AAAAAAAAAlw/XXzWkpc0jnkM9xczndy0qe08jjVB6V0bQCLcB/s400/Screenshot%2B2017-03-27%2B08.54.132.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Use ‘jump to’ for
browsing the alphabetical list of headwords.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">At start-up, the left-hand area of the screen shows
a segment of the headword list starting with the first entry. As before, forms
in </span><b><span style="background: #000033; color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">white</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> link directly to a substantive
entry. Forms in<b> </b></span><b><span style="background: black; color: yellow; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yellow</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> indicate a
cross-reference headword, and lead automatically to the referenced substantive
entry or entries. Click or tap on a headword to fetch the entry into the main
area of the screen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">You can alter the point at which the wordlist
begins by typing one or more letters into the "Jump to" box just
above the list. For example, tapping or clicking in the "Jump to" box
then pressing the "g" key will move the wordlist to the first entry
that starts with that letter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">You may type as many letters as you wish. If you
type in a sequence of letters that is an AND headword, the list will be updated
to start at that word. Otherwise, the list will start at the alphabetically
closest match to whatever you typed in. You may then move through the wordlist
by clicking or tapping the up or down arrow buttons above or below the list.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">You can change the list start position at any time
by typing into the "Jump to" box.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please note that this is not intended as a search mechanism. If a given form is
indeed an AND headword, this method will locate the entry concerned. But the
AND contains many variant and/or inflected forms which do not figure as
headwords, hence you will not find
them by headword browsing. For a thorough search, you should use the
method described next.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Use ‘search’ for
entering a form to find a specific entry<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">If your search term matches any headword or
variant form, or on any word that is recognized as an attested form of a
headword item, you will see a list of the matched entries on the left, from
which you can select entries to be displayed in the main area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The list of matched entries will replace
the standard alphabetic headword list on the display, but you can recover that
list at any time using the <span style="color: red;">RESTORE A-Z WORDLIST </span>button above it.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">By checking the box to the right of the input area
you may ‘use regular expressions’ in your search term, i.e. search for parts of
words: if you are unclear about what that means, please consult the <a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/sitedocs/using.shtml#B1" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">full documentation</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the next blogpost we will show you how, for the first time, you are now able to customize the lay-out and contents of any AND-entry.</span></div>
<br />
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Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-90573671069874459442017-01-30T13:43:00.000+00:002017-02-16T15:07:26.942+00:00WoM: Welsh words in Anglo-Norman<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Last month, we
discussed the presence of loanwords from Irish in Anglo-Norman, and this month,
we would like to look further into the linguistic contact between Anglo-Norman and
Celtic languages – this time focusing on Welsh. While there has been considerable
research into the influence of (Anglo-)French on the Welsh language,
particularly in the literary sphere, linguistic contact between the two
languages in the administrative and judicial spheres remains relatively poorly
studied<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2017%2001%20Welsh.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Among
the materials and sources used for the compilation of the AND we find two
editions that bring together documents written in Wales by Welshmen: the <i>Calendar of Ancient Correspondence
Concerning Wales</i>, and the <i>Calendar of
Ancient Petitions Relating to Wales</i>. The former contains mainly records of correspondence
between the English royal court and nobles in Wales, while the latter provides
evidence of petitions from individuals throughout Wales to the English king.
There are limitations to using these two works - they are primarily calendars,
intended to discuss the contents of the document, and often do not include the
text. Although hardly indicative of there ever being widespread levels of
comprehension of Anglo-Norman in Wales, this documentation does suggest the presence
of scribes, notaries or other public servants, in all parts of Wales, with a
high level of linguistic competence in Welsh, Anglo-Norman and Latin.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k7G-nsV5i_E/WKWMK6aIlCI/AAAAAAAAAlM/fq1VDOnNEXwwxoQ0HoQ332AdXyxvJMcSACLcB/s1600/Aber_AberCastle_16x9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k7G-nsV5i_E/WKWMK6aIlCI/AAAAAAAAAlM/fq1VDOnNEXwwxoQ0HoQ332AdXyxvJMcSACLcB/s400/Aber_AberCastle_16x9.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 150%;">(Aberystywth Castle)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trotter’s examination
of the above mentioned texts, supplemented with his own transcriptions of a
limited number of documents in Welsh archives, unearthed twenty Welsh words
used in Anglo-Norman context. Of these, nine are currently included as entries in
the AND: <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/amobres" target="_blank">amobres</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/commot" target="_blank">commot</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/frith[3]" target="_blank">frith 3</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/havoterie" target="_blank">havoterie</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/hildenraeth" target="_blank">hildenraeth</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/keveretz" target="_blank">keveretz</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/kymorthas" target="_blank">kymorthas</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/merchet[1]" target="_blank">merchet 1</a></b> and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/obeduz" target="_blank">obeduz</a></b>. As with Irish, all of the loanwords occur in administrative
documentation, and for Welsh, a great number of the terms refer to legal
concepts.<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2017%2001%20Welsh.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
There is currently no evidence of Welsh words being used in Anglo-Norman
literary texts, though it is known that a number of Anglo-Norman works were
composed or copied in Wales.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Some of the borrowing
of Welsh legal terms seems to be driven by the need to refer to Welsh law - one
document refers explicitly to the law of Howel the Good, and in </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the entry for <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/keveretz" target="_blank">keveretz</a></b>
we find:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aprés la conqueste de Galis lor graunta lor leis et lor usages q'il aveient
[...] la conqueste [...] keveretz Howel les queiles eux et lor auncestres ount
eou et usé</span></i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RLiR</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">58</span></i></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 482 (National
Archives SC 8/146/7288)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">['after the conquest of Wales, he granted them their laws and their
usages as they had [before] the conquest [...] the <i>cyfraith Hywel</i> which they and their ancestors had and used']<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The word <i>keveretz </i>is
intriguing, as it renders the Welsh <i>cyfraith</i>,
‘law, legislation’<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2017%2001%20Welsh.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
but clearly reformulates it, not only adjusting the spelling, but even
producing an Anglo-Norman plural. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The documents also
refer to<b> <a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/amobres" target="_blank">amobres</a></b>, a term for
'marriage fee' from the Welsh <i>amobr</i>and
<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/obeduz" target="_blank">obeduz</a> </b>(from Welsh <i>ebediw</i>) referring to 'the rendering of a
live beast to a lord at the death of a tenant'. A <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/commot" target="_blank">commot</a></b> was a territorial and administrative division in Wales
(Welsh <i>cwmwd</i>) and is attested in
three different source texts in Anglo-Norman. The word was, from the end of the
12th century, present in Latin under the form <b>commotus</b> (DMLBS 397a) and from the 13th century, also present in
English (see OED <b>commot, n</b> 37273) so
it seems likely that the Anglo-Norman word is not a direct borrowing from
Welsh.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q52oWkfNdy0/WI9BHgju98I/AAAAAAAAAk4/Ree2NMPnI_sGH3ozv1WAL-73WKh2Ql9wgCLcB/s1600/Welsh%2Blaws.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q52oWkfNdy0/WI9BHgju98I/AAAAAAAAAk4/Ree2NMPnI_sGH3ozv1WAL-73WKh2Ql9wgCLcB/s640/Welsh%2Blaws.jpg" width="481" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hywel Dda , Latin translation, British Library Harley 1792 f.3</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Other Welsh words refer
to the specific types of taxes owed by the local population: <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/hildenraeth" target="_blank">hildenraeth</a></b>,<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2017%2001%20Welsh.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
that is, a tax paid in oats, is likely derived from the Welsh <i>hildaf </i>'to produce (a certain amount of crop)'
and <i>treth</i> meaning 'tax' while <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/kymorthas" target="_blank">kymorthas</a></b>, from the Welsh <i>cymorth</i>, refers to a tribute of cattle
owed to a lord, though the sole use of it in the Anglo-Norman citation below is
ambiguous:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Item, qe nulls westours, et rymours, mynstrales, ou
vacabundes, ne soient sustenuz en Gales, pur faire kymorthas ou quyllages sur
le commune people, les queux par lour divinaciones, messonges et excitacions,
sont concause de la insurrection et rebellion q’or est en Gales Rot Parl<sup>1</sup>
iii 508<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[‘Item, that no
wastrels and rhymers, minstrels or vagabonds, be sustained in Wales to receive
tribute or money from the common people, who, by their divinations, lies and
incitations are the root cause of the insurrection and rebellion that is
currently in Wales’]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Legal terms are not the
only type of borrowing from Welsh - a number of agricultural terms used by the
local populations are also found in these texts. <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/frith[3]" target="_blank">Frith</a> </b>is the equivalent of the Welsh <i>ffridd</i>, meaning 'mountain pasture', though the term ultimately
derives from Old English (see OED <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/74797" target="_blank">frith,n.2</a></b>). <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/havoterie" target="_blank">Havoterie</a> </b>'summer meadow'
derives from the Welsh <i>hafod</i> or
'summer residence' or 'upland farm'. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Quote2"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A nostre seignur le Roy et a son consail monstrent ses povre gentz bondes
de sa havoterie en le counté de Meyronnyth qe</span></i></span><span class="Quote2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> [...]</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RLiR</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">58 482 (PRO SC 8/258/12874)</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[To our lord the King
and to his council we show the poor bondsmen of his summer meadow in the county
of Merioneth that [...] ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Welsh borrowings slated
to be added to the AND in the course of its present revision to the Second
Edition, include the terms <i>raglot</i>, <i>raglour </i>and <i>ragelotie</i>. These all refer to the Welsh <i>rhaglaw</i>, that is, ‘vicegerent, viceroy, deputy’. The term <i>raglot </i>is equally attested in Latin from
1304 (DMBLS </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">2650a </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">raglotus</b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> ‘ragler, chief
officer of commot’ ) while </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">raglour</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
was equally used in Middle English, though the earliest citation of the word in
the MED and OED is in an Anglo-Norman text (MED </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED17775" target="_blank">raglore n.</a></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">; OED </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/157484" target="_blank">raglour n.</a></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 157484). The DMLBS (2649c) attests to the use of the form </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">raglarius ‘</b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">ragler, chief officer of
commot’ from 1485. </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Raglotia</b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> ‘office
of ragler, raglership’ is attested from 1314 while </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">raglaria</b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> is attested from 1334. It seems likely that these terms
have entered Anglo-Norman through Latin.</span></div>
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<i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">La ragelotie de Cruthyn
RLiR 58 483 (PRO SC 8/124/6154)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[The rhaglawry of
Cruthyn’]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ultimately, there are
few identified borrowings from Welsh and Irish into Anglo-Norman, and those
that are present are largely as a result of the borrowing of technical
vocabulary in administrative documents. This may suggest a lower degree of
contact between Welsh and Anglo-Norman as well as between Irish and
Anglo-Norman than that between Middle English and Anglo-Norman. However, as
Trotter emphasizes in his article, it is most certainly the case that Anglo-Norman
documents from these areas remain less studied, and it may be that further
investigations into the archival holdings in contacts zones in Ireland, Wales
and Scotland may yield further evidence of language contact between the Celtic
languages and Anglo-Norman.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[HP]</span></div>
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<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2017%2001%20Welsh.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> We are indebted
to the work done by Prof. David Trotter on the topic, particularly the article ‘L’anglo-français au Pays de Galles: une enquête
préliminaire’,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Revue de
Linguistique romane</i>, 58 (1994), 461-88. Trotter provides a summary of
studies on the (Anglo-)French influence on Welsh on p. 462, note 2 of his
article.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2017%2001%20Welsh.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> That’s not to suggest that the
writing of Anglo-Norman by Welsh individuals was restricted to the production
of administrative material. As Trotter notes (p.461), Hue de Roteland, who
wrote <i>Ipomedon </i>[Ipom BFR] and <i>Protheslaus</i> [Proth ants] was from
Rhuddlan (Dyfed) and a Simon of Carmarthen composed <i>Le Chemin de Penitence</i> [Penit].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2017%2001%20Welsh.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> We use here the headwords and
definitions of the </span><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">Geriadur
Prifysgol Cyrmu </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">(welsh-dictionary.ac.uk).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2017%2001%20Welsh.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> It should be noted that this
spelling has been rejected by the AND. The term should read <i>hildevraeth</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-83104293724754735292016-12-30T14:28:00.002+00:002017-02-01T13:58:12.387+00:00WoM: Kerne and the Celtic languages<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Over the last few
months, our blog posts have focused on loan words in Anglo-Norman - from
Greek, from Italian, from Mongolian ... This month and the next, we are going
to have a look at some Anglo-Norman words borrowed from Celtic languages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Medieval Britain
was a multilingual environment, and it is clear that there was a high level of
contact between Anglo-Norman, Middle English and Medieval Latin, resulting in a
high level of loan words between the languages. But these were not the only languages
used at this period in the Anglo-Norman regnum, which also included Ireland,
Wales and Scotland. It is perhaps surprising then that relatively few words in
the AND are tagged as deriving from either Welsh or Irish and no borrowings
seem to have come from Scots Gaelic. This is a phenomenon that bears a closer
look, suggestive of a very different contact situation in the Celtic countries
than in England. Can the pattern and frequency of borrowings offer insights
into the use of Anglo-Norman in Ireland, Wales and Scotland as well as offer
clues about the level of contact between speakers of Anglo-Norman and the local
languages? There appears to have been little work done on this perspective, to
our knowledge, though we would be very happy to hear of work done on this
topic!<a href="file:///C:/Users/Andrew/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2012%20%20Kerne.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There are a number
of Anglo-Norman texts which were composed in Ireland - these are sometimes
referred to as Hiberno-Norman works. These include <i>La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande </i>(<i>Dermot</i>2), composed around 1225, as well as numerous administrative
texts extant from the period of Anglo-Norman rule, which can be found in our
List of Texts under the following sigla: <i>Affairs
of Ireland, Chart St Mary's, Ireland, Irish Docs, Stats and Ords Ireland</i>
and <i>Windsor</i>. Despite the relatively
large number of works produced in the area, there are currently only six words
in the AND tagged as Irish: <b>betagh, cro, jacoine, kerne, kernemen and grawe.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_GuCe03w6PQ/WGZutD68DvI/AAAAAAAAAkk/v6pjjYSegLIXGskQuQ5r4znGAbcYRr_5gCLcB/s1600/Ireland%2Bmap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_GuCe03w6PQ/WGZutD68DvI/AAAAAAAAAkk/v6pjjYSegLIXGskQuQ5r4znGAbcYRr_5gCLcB/s640/Ireland%2Bmap.jpg" width="475" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BL Arundel 14 f. 27v.; 'partially damaged map of islands including Ireland (labelled 'Hybernia') and 'Britannia' in Giraldus Cambrensis's Topographia Hiberniae' from the BL Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Betagh</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, may be from the
Irish <i><a href="http://dil.ie/5771" target="_blank">bétach</a></i>, an adjective meaning 'doughty, valorous' but also 'violent, wanton',
used substantively in the AND. It occurs once in a document from Waterford,
written around 1300:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">si un baron ou un chevaler ou autre gentishomme eit
neifs, sicome maniere de betagh, e aventure aveigne q'il sont nees de sur la
terre le avant dist baron ou chevaler ou autre frankhomme, e il ne puet pas
estre demené a droiture, si com son pere estoit avant lui <b>Bor Cust </b></span></i><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ii 89<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">['if
a baron or knight or other gentleman has villeins, after the fashion of the
betagh, and it happens that they are born on the land of the said baron or
knight or other freeman, and he may not be held to right as his father was
before him']<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
editor of <i>Bor Cust </i>glosses the term
as 'Irish villein' though it doesn't seem that the term had much currency in
Irish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jascoine</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
refers to the mythological fish encountered by Saint Brendan on his journey.
The name of this fish, <i>iasconius</i>, may
derive from the Irish </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://dil.ie/27105" target="_blank">íasc</a> </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. The DMBLS suggests this
possible etymology for the term as it appears in the <i>Navigatio S. Brendani</i>. The Anglo-Norman term no doubt derives from
the Latin and not directly from the Irish term.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Grawe </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">seems to refer to a type of cup or goblet,
though the etymon remains unclear. It has been cautiously identified as Irish,
due to the context, but may in fact be something else:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">iii. coups e
iii. grauntz hanaps qe hom appele ‘grawes’ d’argent</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Affairs of Ireland</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">134</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">['3
cups and 3 big goblets of silver which one calls 'grawes']<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerne </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">and
<b>kernemen</b>, from the Irish <i><a href="http://dil.ie/13164" target="_blank">ceithern</a></i>, refer to a type
of lightly-armed Irish foot soldier. These terms seem to have been more widely used
than the previous ones, and we find them used in a number of Irish
administrative documents as well as in a letter written by Richard II from
Waterford.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="quote"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><i>ou
estoient de eux tuéz .clxij hommes armés et les kernes armez</i></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Lett & Pet</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">347.11</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">['there where .clxij. of their armed men and
armed Irish foot-soldiers were killed']<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerne </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">is
known in Middle English as well (MED <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED24182" target="_blank">kerne n.</a> and OED <a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/103018" target="_blank">kern n.1</a>) so it is
possible that the word entered Anglo-Norman though English rather than Irish.
The earliest citation of the word is in a Latin text of 1297, which the use of
it in Anglo-Norman is attested from 1316. The earliest use in an English
document dates from 1423. The compound <i>kernemen</i>
certainly suggests an English influence, though this compound does not seem to
have been recorded in English.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cro</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
is a legal term, defined as 'fine for homicide' and appears in Irish as <i><a href="http://dil.ie/13164" target="_blank">cro</a></i>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It appears in a single, perplexing citation:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Item le cro et le galnys et le enach uniuscuiusque
hominis sunt pares APS </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">664.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
citation, using Latin as the matrix language, but with the Anglo-Norman
definite article to introduce the three terms from the other vernaculars,
provides three synonyms for the same concept of 'wergild'. Firstly, <i>cro</i> from Irish; secondly, <i>galnys</i>,
the Welsh <i>galanas</i>, an equivalent
concept; and, thirdly, <i>enach.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The last term could be from the Irish </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://dil.ie/20066" target="_blank">enech</a></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (found in the expression </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">lóg n-enech</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
'honour-price') but also possibly a Scots Gaelic term, as it is found in a
document from the </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Acts of the Parliament
of Scotland </i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">and most likely a synonym for the other two terms. This is the only term identified as Scots Gaelic in the AND.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ultimately, there
are few identified borrowings from Irish into Anglo-Norman. This may suggest a
must have been lower level of contact between the two languages than between Middle
English and Anglo-Norman. However, it may also be the case that documents from
these areas are must less studied, and that further investigations into the
archival holdings in contacts zones in Ireland, may yield further evidence of
language contact. We'll compare these results with Welsh in the next post.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[hap]<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Andrew/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2012%20%20Kerne.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> We'd
like to thank the eDIL for their assistance, and for bringing the article H. R<span style="background: white;">isk, 'French Loan-words in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="highlight"><span style="background: rgb(255, 238, 148);">Irish</span></span><span style="background: white;">', <i>Études
Celtiques</i> 12 (1970/71) 585-655 & 14 (1974) 67-69 to our attention. Any
mistakes in this blog are our own!</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-64444199760283742112016-11-30T09:09:00.000+00:002016-11-30T09:09:15.417+00:00WoM: Greek lexis in Anglo-Norman<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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The alpha, but not quite yet the omega, of Greek lexis in
Anglo-Norman.</div>
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As primarily a Romance language, Anglo-Norman more often
than not traces the origins of its lexis back to Latin. As such, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/determiner">determiner</a></b><i> </i>comes from <span style="font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: normal;">determinare</span>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/leun2">leun<sup>2</sup></a> </b>from <span style="font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: normal;">leo</span> and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/oreison">oreison</a> </b>from <span style="font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: normal;">oratio</span> – three entirely random but
straightforward examples of how this type of development is so integral to the
formation of a romance language that the AND will not highlight these words as
Latin in origin. Evidently, Latin did not have exclusive rights to the
formation of Anglo-Norman vocabulary – as our blogposts of the last few months have
already testified, with examples from Mongolian (or not), Persian and Italian.
Indeed, Anglo-Norman in its very nature is, to some extent, defined by an
influx of Germanic, and specifically Anglo-Saxon/English, elements. For this
month’s post we will take a look at the role of the second Classical language
that contributed so much to the pan-European vocabulary: Greek. And what was
its effect on the lexis of Anglo-Norman?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Medieval or Byzantine Greek, a term used for the language as
it was used between approximately the sixth and mid-fifteenth century, was a
mixture of the original Classical Greek and subsequent Koine Greek (the form of
Greek which developed as the common Hellenistic and international dialect, and
which was used, for example, in the Septuagint translation of the Bible and in
the New Testament).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hoIk8Pr8IVE/WD6T_SXapqI/AAAAAAAAAj8/0wHfH0qitUokl_S94DHC4s3u8UGgGgsnACLcB/s1600/Codex%2BSkylitzes%2BMatritensis%252C%2BBibliteca%2BNacional%2Bde%2BMadrid%252C%2BVitr.%2B26-2%252C%2BBild-Nr.%2B77%252C%2Bf%2B34%2Bv.%2Bb..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hoIk8Pr8IVE/WD6T_SXapqI/AAAAAAAAAj8/0wHfH0qitUokl_S94DHC4s3u8UGgGgsnACLcB/s640/Codex%2BSkylitzes%2BMatritensis%252C%2BBibliteca%2BNacional%2Bde%2BMadrid%252C%2BVitr.%2B26-2%252C%2BBild-Nr.%2B77%252C%2Bf%2B34%2Bv.%2Bb..jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Codex Skylitzes Matritensis, Bibliteca Nacional de Madrid, Vitr. 26-2, fol. 34v)</span></o:p></div>
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As before, using the ‘language tags’ that appear in the
Anglo-Norman Dictionary entries, it now takes little or no effort to retrieve
those words already considered to be of Greek origin. But with only 17 entries
of the entire AND thus revealing themselves as ‘Greek’, the results seem at
first look somewhat disappointing. Let us first take a look at those 17 entries
and the contexts in which these loanwords appear.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Most of these words (7) are attested in medicinal
texts: </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/leucos">leucos</a><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, the Greek for white (<i>λευκός</i>),
turns up in an explanation of </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/leucoflemancie">leucoflemancie</a><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, a type of dropsy (<i>λευκοφλεγματία</i>):<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></h4>
<h4 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 40.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote1"><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">si est dite leucoflemancia por ce qu'ele est faite de blanche fleume;
leucos et blanc si est trestot une chose</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A-N Med</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">i 230</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
<h4 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 40.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(‘and so it is called ‘leuciflemancia’ because it
consists of white phlegm; ‘leucos’ and white are one and the same thing’)<o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Similarly we have the words </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/melangiron">melangiron</a><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> for ‘black jaundice’ (related
to <i>μελάγχιμος</i> in the sense of ‘black, dark’) and </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/inopos">inopos</a> <span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(from <i>οἰνωπός</i>, ‘red
as wine’) to refer to a certain type of reddish urine. All of these appear
mid-thirteenth-century translation of Johannes Platearius’s <i>Practica Brevis</i> – a Latin text but
including Greek elements. The term </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/kili">kili vena</a><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> occurs several times in that same text with
reference to the main vein carrying blood from the lower body into the heart.
The first element in this Latinized collocation derives from κοῖλος – the Greek word for ‘hollow’. In the
Anglo-Norman <i>Euperiston </i>(an
early-fourteenth-century text believed to have been translated from Latin as
well) a discussion of <i>anorexia</i>
explains </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/orexis">orexis</a><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> as meaning ‘appetite’:<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></h4>
<h4 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 40.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote1"><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;">Fastidium est apelé de Galien anorexia; si est dit de ‘a’, ke est a dire
'sanz', e ‘orexis’, ke est a dire 'appetit', sicum 'sanz appetit'</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A-N Med</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ii 168.133</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
<h4 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 40.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(‘fastidium’ is called ‘anorexia’ by Galienus; this
is formed by ‘a’, that is ‘without’, and ‘orexis’, that is ‘appetite’, and thus
‘without appetite’)</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Finally, at least two separate collections of Anglo-Norman medicinal recipes
use to term </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ana">ana</a></span><span class="Quote1"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> with the meaning of ‘in the same amount’ (Greek </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ἀνά, cf. DMLBS </span>ana<sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">):<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h4>
<h4 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 40.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pernet les
freides herbes si com jubarbe e teittesoriz e teles choses ana de chescune</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="color: maroon; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Five Med MSS</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">107.S185</span></span><o:p></o:p></h4>
<h4 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 40.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(‘take cold herbs, such as
houseleek and stonecrop, in equal quantity’)<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It is apparent that in these cases, Greek
terminology is retained from an original source text, and more often than not
the word remains a ‘foreign’ borrowing in Anglo-Norman, with an explicit awareness
of its Greek nature and origin. <o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HO4ywUUPHsg/WD6T_f-hC8I/AAAAAAAAAj4/OZ0x7407zJsAIbfNMvnf8muca_SEAqgAACEw/s1600/Detail%2Bof%2BAdd%2BMS%2B24371%252C%2Bf%2B15v%252C%2Bbeginning%2Bof%2BJohn%2BChrysostom%25E2%2580%2599s%2B72nd%2BHomily%2Bon%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMatthewi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HO4ywUUPHsg/WD6T_f-hC8I/AAAAAAAAAj4/OZ0x7407zJsAIbfNMvnf8muca_SEAqgAACEw/s640/Detail%2Bof%2BAdd%2BMS%2B24371%252C%2Bf%2B15v%252C%2Bbeginning%2Bof%2BJohn%2BChrysostom%25E2%2580%2599s%2B72nd%2BHomily%2Bon%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMatthewi.png" width="456" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;">(BL, Add MS 24371, fol. 15v, John Chrysostom’s 72nd Homily on the Gospel of Matthew)</span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The same can be said for Anglo-Norman words that derive from
Greek mythology or history. The AND currently includes <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/catoplepa">catoplepa</a> </b>(a
Latinized from (as used in Pliny) of Greek <span style="color: windowtext;">κατω-βλέπων</span>, literally ‘down-looker’) which refers to an
African animal, usually identified as either a buffalo or an antelope; <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/lethes">lethes</a></b> (<i><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">Λήθη</span></i>,
one of the five rivers of Hades whose waters induce forgetfulness) meaning
‘amnesia’; <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/Melos">Melos</a></b> (<i><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">Μήλος</span></i>, a Greek
island north of Crete); and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/omega">omega</a></b> (<i>Ωμέγα</i>, the last letter of the Greek alphabet). The Anglo-Norman
translation of Vegetius’ <i>De re militari</i>
mentions the use of a <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/monoxille">monoxille</a></b>, a type of
boat made from a single piece of wood (<i>μονόξυλος</i>), by the Roman military.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The AND also picked up Greek terminology from botany
and philosophy, but again the results are surprisingly meagre. Firstly, </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/yperichon">yperichon</a><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> is the Greek name for St
John’s wort</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<i>ὑπερικόν</i>) and appears as an ingredient in thirteenth- and
fourteenth-century medical or dietary treatises in Anglo-Norman.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2011%20Greek.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Secondly, </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/yle">yle</a><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, from <span style="background: white;">Greek<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>ὕλη</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> (‘</span>wood, timber, material’ but since
Aristotle used to refer to ‘matter’; modern English <a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/90173">hyle</a>), is discussed and defined
in the early thirteenth-century text, <i>La
Petite Philosophie</i>:</span><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 40.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR">Ore escutez des element, Ço est de yle les
liemenz. Tant dit yle cum fet matire, Dunt tute rens pernent afeire; Yle est
matire divine, Dunt tutes riens pernent orine <i><span style="color: #c00000;">Pet Phil</span></i><span style="color: #c00000;"> 312,
313 and 315</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 40.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
(‘Now
hear about the elements, that is the attachments of ‘hyle’. ‘Hyle’ means as
much as ‘matter from which everything takes form’; ‘Hyle’ is divine matter,
from which everything originates’)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a religious context, the Anglo-Norman version of Jerome’s<i> Letter to Paulinus</i> retains the term <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ogdoad">ogdoad</a></b> (‘a group of eight
divine beings’) with references to Egyptian deities, which derives from Greek <em><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">ὀγδοάς</span></em> (‘eight’).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One final word currently tagged as Greek in the AND is <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/diadocupo">diadocupo</a></b>, apparently a
type of oven, which appears in a fourteenth-century Anglo-Norman collection of
alchemical material and which, aside from its Greek-looking form, has not yet
been identified by the editor of the text or the AND editorial team.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Clearly, the influence of Greek cannot have been as immense
as that of Latin: Latin was, after all, both the source and a medieval living
language, in constant contact with the Anglo-Norman world. In contrast, Greek must
have been either the language of (major) historical texts or the language of
communication with the distant Byzantine Empire – with which direct contact
must have been minimal.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2011%20Greek.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Still, this does not explain the overall paucity of Greek lexis as appears from
our initial examination.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One reason, it should be noted, must be the very nature of the
AND language tag. This tag was not intended to indicate etymology, but rather
to highlight the origin of words that still seem to be loanwords or borrowings
when used by Anglo-Norman scribe or authors. In many cases those two aspects will
overlap, but it means that when a word is fully naturalized in Anglo-Norman, it
normally does not carry a language tag. This will mainly (and understandably)
affect Latin etymologies: for example, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/pere1">pere<sup>1</sup></a> </b>is not
tagged Latin despite its origin in <span style="font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: normal;">pater</span>,
simply because it no longer registers as a Latin loanword in Anglo-Norman, in the
way, for example <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/loquendes">loquendes</a></b> (‘points for
discussion’) probably still did (hence the ‘Latin’ tag). The same will often be
the case for Greek, and that is why an entry like <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/apocalipse">apocalipse</a> </b>(from<b> </b><em><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">ἀποκάλυψις</span></em>) does not currently have a Greek tag.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qS61S83Ehbg/WD6VBfE8qQI/AAAAAAAAAkE/XLdX4o3GOpMXkwn5vCT2DXdlk9PeYd-tgCLcB/s1600/The%2BPrognosticon%2Bof%2BHippocrates%252C%2BHarley%2B6295%252C%2Bf%2B98r%2B%252815th%2Bcentury%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qS61S83Ehbg/WD6VBfE8qQI/AAAAAAAAAkE/XLdX4o3GOpMXkwn5vCT2DXdlk9PeYd-tgCLcB/s400/The%2BPrognosticon%2Bof%2BHippocrates%252C%2BHarley%2B6295%252C%2Bf%2B98r%2B%252815th%2Bcentury%2529.jpg" width="285" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (The Prognosticon of Hippocrates, Harley 6295, fol. 98r)</span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, such a distinction (of etymology vs. loanword
status) is often debatable, as it may be very difficult to gauge the extent to
which a word is naturalized or not in Anglo-Norman, as it is for any medieval
language. As such, it may be argued that some entries currently in the AND <i>should</i> be tagged as Greek. For example,
the abovementioned <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ogdoadis">ogdoadis</a></b> is tagged, while
<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ebdoadis">ebdoadis</a></b>, a similar term
appearing two words earlier in the same source text, has not. Also, how about
the many other Greek mythical beasts, such as <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/gorgone">gorgone</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/monosceros">monosceros</a> </b>and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/fenix">fenix</a></b>, currently included in
the AND without any language tag? It is clear that a more concentrated re-consideration
of the AND language tagging system could reveal a greater influx of Greek
lexis. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To give but one example, a passage in the Anglo-Norman
version of <i>Mandeville’s Travels</i>
provides the names of all Greek letters of the alphabet, but so far, only <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/omega">omega</a></b> has been given its own
entry:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 40.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote2"><span lang="FR">Si vous
voilez savoir de lour A B C quelles letttres [</span></span><span class="sic"><i><span lang="FR">sic</span></i></span><span class="Quote2"><span lang="FR">] ils ount,
ici les poez veer ovesqes les nouns qe ils les appellent: alpha, betha, gama,
delta, ebrevis, elonge, epilmon, zetha, hetha, iota, kapda, lapda, or, ni, exi,
obrevis, pi, cophe, ro, summa, thau, vi, fy, chi, psi, othomega, diacosin</span></span><span lang="FR"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Mandeville</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; mso-ansi-language: FR;">112</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fortunately, the online AND is a constant work in progress
and its nature allows these omissions to be rectified in our next batch-update.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The problem also lies in a more general linguistic
conundrum: very often Greek lexis reaches Anglo-Norman filtered through the
medium of Latin. Particularly in Hellenistic times, Latin was prone to borrow
Greek vocabulary extensively and subsequently Latinize it: for example, the
abovementioned <i>yperichon</i><b> </b>for St John’s wort (from Greek <i>ὑπερικόν</i>) has its Latin counterpart in <b>hypericum</b> (DMLBS 1192a). And randomly opening the DMLBS, we
see <b>phtisicus </b>from <i>φθισικόϛ </i>(DMLBS 2270b, ‘one who suffers
from consumption’, cf. AND <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/tisik">tisik</a></b>, while the new edition
of P, to be published in February 2017, will contain the new entry <b>ptisic</b>), <b>plectrum</b> from πληκτρον (DMLBS 2316a, ‘instrument with which one
plucks the strings of a harp or lyre’, cf. AND <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/pleitrun">pleitrun</a></b>), and
<b>pasta</b> from παστά (DMLBS 2138b,
‘dough, paste’, cf. AND <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/paste">paste</a></b>).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When such words turn up in Anglo-Norman, should the source
be considered Latin or Greek? To some extent, the historical context may
indicate a direct link with Greece or Greek writings: Anglo-Norman <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/Olimpiades">ju d’Olimpiades</a></b> refers
to a Greek event, even though it uses the Latin ‘i/y’ spelling instead of the
Greek ‘u’ (<em><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">Ὀλυμπιάς</span></em>).
Similarly, the abovementioned <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/monoxille">monoxille</a> </b>– the boat
made form one piece of wood – features in a Latin text on the Roman military.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SrIzRYLtBNw/WD6V3DZvpCI/AAAAAAAAAkI/43oTUOxbwRUnRHkL1PPnx9py0TZzmDk1gCLcB/s1600/Add%2BMS%2B39594%252C%2Bf.%2B1r.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SrIzRYLtBNw/WD6V3DZvpCI/AAAAAAAAAkI/43oTUOxbwRUnRHkL1PPnx9py0TZzmDk1gCLcB/s640/Add%2BMS%2B39594%252C%2Bf.%2B1r.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(BL, Add. MS 39594, fol. 1r)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the whole, spelling can offer some insight into whether
such a lexeme may have entered Anglo-Norman in its Greek or Latinized form (for
example, the use of Greek ‘k’ versus Latin ‘c’, or nominal endings ‘-os’ and
‘-on’ versus ‘-us’ and ‘-um’), but on the whole, in a language where nominal endings
are usually dropped and where ‘c’ spelling is generally preferred to ‘k’
spelling, such a distinction can rarely be made.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In conclusion, we must assume that, just as in the DMLBS, a
great deal of Greek vocabulary is ‘hidden’ in AND entries that are currently
tagged solely as ‘Latin’ or not tagged at all. Therefore, in this case an
overview of the entries tagged as Greek in the AND constitutes only the tip of
the iceberg of Greek influence on the Anglo-Norman lexis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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[GDW]</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2011%20Greek.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> In Trevet’s <i>Chronicle</i> the word clearly retains its
Greek nature:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">la racine del herbe q’est
en Gru appellé 'yperycon', qe nous apelloms 'herbe percee' ou 'herbe Johan' <span style="color: #c00000;">TRIV 48.76</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">(‘the root of the herb which in Greek is called
‘ypericon’, which we call ‘herbe percee’ or ‘herbe Johan’)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn2">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2011%20Greek.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> For example,
the visit of Manual II Paleologus, Byzantine Emperor, to England (and his stay
at the palace of Henry IV) in 1400 was a highly exceptional moment, as D.M.
Nicol notes in, ‘A Byzantine Emperor in England: Manuel II's visit to
London in 1400-1401’, <i>University of
Birmingham Historical Journal</i> 12 (1970), pp. 204-25.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-37353992435740621372016-10-21T11:21:00.005+01:002016-10-21T11:22:45.851+01:00Word of the month: Some Italianisms in the Port Books of Southampton<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lyB4P2kQ7HA/WAnrGpaj1_I/AAAAAAAAAjQ/tWe3aJJ7u54tiMwtT9R-D80MCEmKIe_UACLcB/s1600/meg1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lyB4P2kQ7HA/WAnrGpaj1_I/AAAAAAAAAjQ/tWe3aJJ7u54tiMwtT9R-D80MCEmKIe_UACLcB/s640/meg1.jpg" width="568" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">A map of medieval Southampton based on the </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Terrier</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"> of 1454: http://3dvisa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/paper_jones.html</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">My
previous AND blog [</span><a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2016/07/word-of-month-sky-blue-peacock-blue.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">July 2016</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">] on luxury fabric colours
introduced the study of Anglo-Norman / Italian language contact, an area which
has been largely overlooked by academics so far.<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Tuscans, Genoese and Venetians played a crucial role in the economy of late
medieval England and Italian merchants and bankers could be found in many
social niches. They dominated the textile and wool markets, they were the main
importers of sugar and spices, they acted as personal money-lenders to the King
and ran the Royal Mints, they worked closely with the London Guilds (such as
the Worshipful Company of Grocers) and they were the undisputed European
masters of shipping. One of the aims of my recently submitted PhD thesis (<i>Money Talks: Anglo-Norman, English and
Italian language contact in medieval merchant documents, c1200-c1450</i>) is to
uncover probable Italian borrowings in the AND2 which have, so far, not been
identified. Examples of loanwords are as wide-ranging as the Italians’
influence and include silks and brocades (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-9C7A7336-6A94A8B9-12725160-1BCD806D&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">damask</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> / </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-D7E39387-CBBE3691-E6185986-A91CFAD7&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">baldekin</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> / </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-7794F61C-6024880A-620CDE8E-A31294F9&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">taffata</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">), dyes (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-2D43FBD6-8EDF5BD7-8899F063-831C705F&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">cramoisé</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">), financial terms (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-CA5909D1-8C34297D-9515E880-7E93EFE9&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">tare<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">),<b> </b>boat names (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-1A854352-F44E12B0-E3E9D504-5E9A8EBE&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">carrak</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> / </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-89881213-94B64F8E-E9FCBF96-F39D71A7&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">tarette</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">), wine types (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-1080159A-7FBA0653-55E224DB-4C2192DA&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">vernage</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">), a high-quality Indian ginger
(AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-67D15E98-70A6EA3F-F2C777B3-73EC1A2A&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">belendin</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">) and a verb for ‘sifting the
refuse from spices prior to sale’ (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-56309C91-6EEF1D25-83904D69-62BC7310&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">garbeler</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">This
month’s blog, however, looks at some of the handful of entries in the AND2
which are already labelled as ‘Italian’. All three are found in two sets of
Anglo-Norman records tracking imports to and exports from the busy port of
Southampton, a major destination for Genoese carracks and Venetian galleys in
the 1400s. Rather than sailing in and out of the harbour with no interaction
with locals, we have evidence that Italians became very much part of the life
of the town. For instance, there are surviving records of 134 Italians - listed as Genoese (78) / Venetians (20) /
Florentines (15) / Italians (12) / Lombards (9) - who were residents of Southampton
between 1431 and 1472.<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The diary of Luca di Maso degli Albizi, captain of a state galley from
Florence, details his stay in the Hampshire town in the winter of 1429-30 where
he lodged with a wealthy ship owner, William Soper, and was wined and dined by
local dignitaries.<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Italians even became civic officials themselves: the Venetian, Gabriel
Corbizzi, was Port Steward in the 1440s, overhauling the office accounting
along Italian lines.<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> More
impressively, the Florentine Cristoforo Ambruogi (Christopher Ambrose) was
twice elected mayor of Southampton in 1486 and 1497, a rare privilege for an
‘alien’ in England at the time.<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Finally, Stewards’ Books from 1487-88 and 1492-93, written in Middle English,
reveal that Southampton townsmen and Venetian galley crew worked together on
several occasions to fell timber in the New Forest and build derricks (or
scaffolding) on the dockside to unload cargo.<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Italian
loanwords also feature in these sources, e.g. <i>maregon</i> (‘ship’s carpenter’) < Venetian <i>marangóne</i>. In all these situations, it is fascinating to imagine
how the English and Italians involved communicated and how loanwords moved from
one language to another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RoEcEQYGfHQ/WAnrUBLtToI/AAAAAAAAAjU/bprwP88yvqMtAEZhxvLGf14aa96JaCqVwCLcB/s1600/meg2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RoEcEQYGfHQ/WAnrUBLtToI/AAAAAAAAAjU/bprwP88yvqMtAEZhxvLGf14aa96JaCqVwCLcB/s400/meg2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">The route followed by the merchant galleys from Venice to Southampton: http://www.crossingtheoceansea.com/OceanSeaPages/OS-68-JohnCabot.html</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">1. AN <i>fangot</i> (‘bundle of cloth’) < Ital. <i>fangotto</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> liij bales xxi fangot , contenu vij c x draps
ij verges</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> (Port Bks 50) (att. 1428) (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-26727F43-2AF1CD3C-E9AA32EC-74DE116F&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">fagot</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">,
</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">no. 2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">The
<i>Port Books</i> of 1427-30 were edited
back in 1913 by Paul Studer and he was the first scholar to recognise an Italianism
in an insular French text: “As the word is of Italian origin, cf. Ital. <i>fangotto</i>, it may well have been
introduced into England by the Genoese settled in Southampton”. He also notes
enthusiastically that “the word must have been quite familiar to
Southamptonians of A.D. 1428, seeing that it was commonly applied to bundles of
<i>exported </i>cloth (!)”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn7" title="">[7]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn7" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">The
loanword <i>fangot</i> is used eleven times
in Port Book entries between 1428 and 1430 and reappears as <i>fangottis</i> in a Latin Port Book from
Southampton from 1440: <i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">pro
xxv pakikis</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">, <i>vij
balettis et xiij fangottis panni / pro iij fangottis panni continentibus j
pannum et xviij vergas </i>(Port Bk Southampt. 72 / 73) (DMLBS </span><a href="http://logeion.uchicago.edu/index.html#fagotus"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">fagotus</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">In
1474, we also find <i>fanget of cloth </i>in a Middle English account, from the
Guildhall in London:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">For sealyng of a
litill Fanget of cloth </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">(Let.
Bk. Lond. L, Gldh, 118) (MED </span><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=boolean&q1=fangot&rgn1=Anywhere&operator1=And&q2=&rgn2=Anywhere&operator2=And&q3=&rgn3=Anywhere&size=First+100"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">fangot</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Fangotto</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> is a lesser known variant of
Italian <i>fagotto</i> (itself a Gallicism from
OF <i>fagot ‘</i>bundle of sticks /
firewood’): TLIO <b>fagotto </b>(att.
1348).<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The word developed a new meaning of a ‘bundle of cloth’ but this specialised
use is not found in France, only in Italy and England. It was still being used
in this way in northern Italy in the nineteenth century, according to Giuseppe Olivieri’s
Dictionary of Genoese sub </span><a href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=e4YCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=fangotto&f=false"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">fangotto</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">. The borrowed <i>fangot </i>is unusual as, unlike many Italian
loanwords in medieval England, it remained in use by English drapers for over
three hundred years. We find it in Edward Hatton’s </span><a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?redir_esc=y&id=L7A2AAAAMAAJ&q=fangot#v=snippet&q=fangot&f=false"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">The
Merchant’s magazine or Trade-man’s treasury</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> (first published in 1695 with
eight subsequent editions) in a chapter helpfully called ‘A Merchant Or
Trader's Dictionary, Explaining the Most Difficult Terms Used in Trade’ :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Fangot:
an uncertain quantity, as of Raw Silk, 1 to 2 ½ C. Grogram and Mohair Yarn 11/2
C. to 2½ C.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">We can more
examples in early modern English the OED2 entry sub </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68074?redirectedFrom=fangot#eid"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">fangot</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">, e.g.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">one
Fangot of White Cyprus Silk</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
(London Gaz. No. 841/4) (1673)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Fangotts
of Italian raw silk </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">(London
Gaz. No. 4472/4.4) (1708)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2. AN <i>sport</i> (basket) < Ital. <i>sporta</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">vij sport de resins</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> (Port Bks 43) (att. 1428) / <i>i sport de suchre pot, val. xxs</i>. (Local
Port Bk 66) (att. 1436) (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-DC4A1BB8-14CF1E16-8E011429-472CD475&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">sport</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Another
example of a commercial loanword from Italian in the <i>Port Books</i> of 1427-30 is <i>sport</i>
or ‘basket’. We also find the borrowing a few years later in the <i>Local Port Book</i> of 1435-36, another set
of accounts written by the same man: the Southampton Water Bailiff, Robert
Florys. He uses <i>sport</i> over twenty
times in total and always with the same five commodities: almonds, raisins,
figs, soap and <i>suchre pot</i>
(‘pot-sugar’). Interestingly, its use is not confined to the ‘Alien Book’ (the
section in the <i>Local Book </i>dedicated
to trade with Italians) but also the ‘Common Book’ which deals with everything
else. This suggests that, for Robert Florys at least, <i>sport</i> was an everyday part of his business vocabulary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">We
also find rarer examples of the diminutive, <i>sportin</i>,
which appears to mean ‘small basket’ or ‘half a <i>sport</i>’ in both Florys’ Port Books:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">iiij
sport ij sportin de almand </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(Port Bks 49)<i> </i>(att.<i> </i>1428) / <i>viii
sportin de resin </i>(Local Port Bk 108)<i> </i>(att. 1436) (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-6C649298-90A8963C-7CE4FF3C-37511BFB&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">sportin</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Records of medieval Italian <i>sporta</i> are easy
to find. If we look at the OVI corpus, we find over fifty examples from 1318
onwards including this from the Florentine Pegolotti’s merchant handbook where
he states that pepper is sold in such baskets:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Olio in
giarre. A sporta si vende: Pepe. A peso si vende: Indaco.</span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Pegolotti Practica 70.16) (c1335-1343) (OVI <b><a href="http://gattoweb.ovi.cnr.it/(S(xkyget45xzk3mffa1qosq3z4))/CatForm02.aspx">sporta</a></b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Sporta</span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> even remains in modern colloquial Italian but mainly
in fixed expressions such as <i>un sacco e una sporta </i>(‘a large amount’)
and <i>dirne un sacco e una sporta a qualcuno</i> (‘to give someone a telling
off’). </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">An etymon for <i>sportin</i> is, surprisingly, less easy to find. The
obvious candidate is <i>sportino / a </i>but there is no medieval record of the
term. Could the name of a round Florentine fruited bread known as the <i>sportina
di Pasqua</i>, although not recorded until the 1800s, hint at the earlier
existence of the word? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-d3x8ygoAtoY/WAnrkjed9sI/AAAAAAAAAjY/Spr46hXKrmE-IQxKxXxcgtleo8hj69tSQCLcB/s1600/meg3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-d3x8ygoAtoY/WAnrkjed9sI/AAAAAAAAAjY/Spr46hXKrmE-IQxKxXxcgtleo8hj69tSQCLcB/s400/meg3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Sportina di Pasqua: http://mammeincucinaedintorni.it/la-schiacciata-di-pasqua-o-sportina/</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">3. AN <i>cotegnate</i> (‘quince marmalade or paste’)
< Ital. <i>cotognato</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">j barel de cotegnate</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> (Local Port Bk 90) (att. 1436) (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/kwic-start.shtml?session=SL0110633T1411974445"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">cotegnate</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Unlike
<i>fangot</i> and <i>sporta</i>, this Italian borrowing is a ‘hapax’ and appears only once in the
Anglo-Norman record, with one entry referring to a 100lb barrel of quince
marmalade, worth 13 shillings and 4 pence, arriving into Southampton on the 4<sup>th</sup>
of January on a Venetian ship.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn9" title="">[9]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftn9" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XRtTTz52kvM/WAnrrymmxbI/AAAAAAAAAjc/FxlqV7d9pCoU9IT8zVKih-7lMiuUWmG1ACLcB/s1600/meg4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XRtTTz52kvM/WAnrrymmxbI/AAAAAAAAAjc/FxlqV7d9pCoU9IT8zVKih-7lMiuUWmG1ACLcB/s320/meg4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">La cotognata: http://www.agri-italia.it/wordpress/come-fare-la-cotognata/</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">La
<i>cotognata</i> is still eaten in Italian today:
a traditional confection served in small squares and equivalent to Spanish <i>membrillo</i>. Its first appearance in an
Italian text actually records its import into London in 1306 by the Gallerani
of Siena, alongside other sweet treats like candied nuts and ginger confit (OVI
</span><a href="http://gattoweb.ovi.cnr.it/(S(xkyget45xzk3mffa1qosq3z4))/CatForm21.aspx"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">cotognato</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">). We also know that English
cooks prepared their own version of quince preserve with ‘native’ names such as
<i>connates</i> and <i>quynade. </i>These terms feature in Middle English recipes from a1399
and a1450 and appear to be compound words made up of variants of ‘quince’ (AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-4F143EEA-161FC7FD-DA335290-33A0B3E3&session=SL0110633T1411974445&menu=no"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">coign<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> / OED2 </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/43560?redirectedFrom=coyn#eid"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">coyn</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">),<b> </b>followed by an <i>–ate / -ade</i>
suffix:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Connates. Take
Connes and pare hem.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
(Form Cury (Add 5016) p. 18) (att. a1399) (MED </span><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=boolean&q1=connates&rgn1=Anywhere&operator1=And&q2=&rgn2=Anywhere&operator2=And&q3=&rgn3=Anywhere&size=First+100"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">connates</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Quynade: Take
Quynces & pare hem clene [etc.].</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
(Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 27) (att. a1450) (OED3 </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156570?redirectedFrom=quinade#eid"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">quinade</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">The
later name <i>codiniac</i> found in English
in 1539 (OED2 </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/35608?redirectedFrom=codiniac#eid"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">codiniac</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">), is clearly borrowed from the
Continental French variants <i>coudoignac</i>
/ <i>coudougnac, </i>first recorded in
France in the 1380s and themselves influenced by Occitan <i>codonat</i> / <i>quodonat</i>,
according to the FEW (II-2, 1606a: </span><a href="https://apps.atilf.fr/lecteurFEW/lire/30/495"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">cydonem</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">However,
given the circumstances of this loanword’s use in a Southampton document
directly linked to imports from Venice in 1436, Italian <i>cotognato</i> seems the obvious choice for our lone example of <i>cotegnate. </i>Overall<i>, </i>what is interesting about the Southampton material is that in all
three of our loanword examples, the writer could have used a range of pre-existing
Anglo-Norman or Middle English terms: e.g. </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-A0F5C21D-F7F00806-47DC0BAC-811115EF?menu=no&session=SL0110633T1411974445"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">bundelle</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> / </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-DCCCEB64-828D45A1-518B0B99-BF5B88F5?menu=no&session=SL0110633T1411974445"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">fardel</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> for ‘bundle’, </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-BDC794FF-C38B053C-995D1DBA-1A471901?menu=no&session=SL0110633T1411974445"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">couple</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> / </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-804E471F-BA037222-CC5F4098-FB92346B?menu=no&session=SL0110633T1411974445"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">frael</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> / </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-C28E2D48-36EABD37-82D256EB-B5C48CAA?menu=no&session=SL0110633T1411974445"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">paner</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> for ‘basket’, </span><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=boolean&q1=connates&rgn1=Anywhere&operator1=And&q2=&rgn2=Anywhere&operator2=And&q3=&rgn3=Anywhere&size=First+100"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">connates</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> / </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/noresults?browseType=sortAlpha&noresults=true&page=1&pageSize=20&q=Find+word+in+dictionary&scope=ENTRY&sort=entry&type=dictionarysearch"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">quinade</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> for ‘quince paste’. But instead,
Robert Florys chose (consciously or not, we will never know) to borrow a term
from Italian instead. [MST]<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
<div>
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> David Trotter discusses this
issue in two articles from 2011: ‘Death, taxes and property: some
code-switching evidence from Dover, Southampton and York’, in <i>Code-Switching in Early English</i>, ed. by
Herbert Schendl and Laura Wright (Berlin: De Gruyter), pp. 155-89 / ‘Italian
merchants in London and Paris: evidence of language contact in the Gallerani
accounts, 1305-08, in <i>Le changement
linguistique en français: études en homage au professeur R. Anthony Lodge</i>,
ed. by Dominique Lagorgette and Tim
Pooley, (Chambéry: Presses de l’Université de Savoie), pp. 209-26. I have also presented
various new sources of loanword evidence: (2012) ‘Mercantile multilingualism:
two examples of Anglo-Norman and Italian contact in the fourteenth century’, in
<i>Present and future research in Anglo-
Norman: Aberystwyth Colloquium, July 2011</i>, ed. by David Trotter (The
Anglo-Norman Online Hub), pp. 91-99 / (forthcoming) ‘Early Anglo-Italian
contact: new loanword evidence from two mercantile sources, 1440-1451’ in <i>Merchants of Innovation: The Languages of
Traders</i>, ed. by Esther-Miriam Wagner, Bettina Beinhoff and Ben Outhwaite
(De Gruyter Mouton).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> This data is available on the </span><a href="https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">England’s Immigrants 1330-1550</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> website, a project based at the
University of York and directed by Prof. Mark Ormrod.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> This Tuscan source is
transcribed in full on pp.207-80 of Michael Mallett’s <i>The Florentine Galleys in the Fifteenth</i> Century (London: Oxford)
from 1967.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> See The <i>Fifteenth-Century Stewards’ Books of Southampton</i>, a PhD thesis by
Anne Thick from the University of Southampton (1995) and also T. B. James’
(2015) ‘The Town of Southampton and its Foreign Trade 1430-1540’ in <i>English Inland Trade</i>, ed. by Michael
Hicks (Oxford: Oxbow Books), pp.11-24 (p.13) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> See Alwyn Ruddock (1951): <i>Italian merchants and shipping in
Southampton, 1270-1600</i> (Southampton: University College), pp.185-86.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> See Alwyn Ruddock (1944): ‘The
Method of Handling the Cargoes of Mediaeval Merchant Galleys’, in <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical
Research</i>, XIX: 140-48. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> Paul Studer (1913): <i>The Port Books of Southampton or (Anglo-French)
accounts of Robert Florys, Water-Bailiff and Receiver of Petty-Customs, A.D. 1427-1430</i>
(Southampton: Southampton Record Society), p.50.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> The <i>Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini</i> (TLIO) is available
online at </span><a href="http://tlio.ovi.cnr.it/TLIO/"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">tlio.ovi.cnr.it/TLIO/</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> but hyperlinks cannot be made to
individual entries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/067QDDWD/AND%20word%20of%20the%20month_Italianisms%20in%20SH%20port%20books%20(3).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">See Brian Foster (1963): <i>The local port book of Southampton for
1435-36</i> (Southampton: The University Press), p. 91.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-72564510892164992012016-09-27T10:17:00.000+01:002016-09-27T10:17:31.066+01:00WoM: 'galahoth', 'cumant' or ten thousand Mongolian hats<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While the AND is primarily designed to give definitions
for words found in medieval British literary and administrative texts, what it
can also do is offer us insights into the linguistic reality of a medieval,
multilingual Britain. While the tradition (and erroneous) view was that only
the nobility used Anglo-Norman, while the other classes remained Anglophone,
research by a number of scholars has shown that there was considerable
interaction between Anglo-Norman and other languages during the period, and
that a number of individuals were literate in multiple languages. An analysis
of lexical borrowings into Anglo-Norman can offer some clues about the circles
in which the language circulated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The AND has a set of language tags that it adds to
entries when the editors consider that the word is a borrowing from another
language and not fully naturalized. It's not a comment on the etymology of the
word, but more of an acknowledgement by the editors that the word retains some
of the features of the source language (though the use of these tags, like that
of the original semantic tags, has been inconsistent and needs systemic
revision).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The vast majority of borrowings into Anglo-Norman
come from Latin and Middle English, which is to be expected, as these would be
the languages most commonly used. It may seem unexpected to indicate borrowings
from Latin, when Anglo-Norman is a language derived from Latin. We tend to use
this language tag for words, or variants, which seem to be drawn directly from
Latin, rather than having undergone the normal Romance morphological and
phonological evolution. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While a certain amount of borrowing from Latin and
Middle English is not unexpected, the AND has noted the presence of borrowings
from a number of other languages. The dictionary includes words derived from
Anglo-Saxon, Arabic, Dutch, Gascon, Germanic, Greek, Hebrew, Irish, Italian,
Mongolian(!!), Spanish and Welsh. These can also form compounds with
Anglo-Norman words, and as such we have compound tags, such as Germanic and
A.F. (confusingly, we use A.F. for ancien français and not A.N.) We will be
discussing each of these languages in future blogs - one on ME borrowings, one
on Latin borrowings, one on Greek, Arabic and Hebrew; one on Romance
borrowings; and one on Celtic borrowings. But what about Mongolian?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are two entries in AND so tagged: <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/cumant[1]" target="_blank">cumant</a></b>#1 and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/galahoth" target="_blank">galahoth</a></b>. Both of these entries are illustrated with citations
drawn from Jean de Mandeville's <i>Le livre
des merveilles du monde</i>, a fictitious account of travels in the East. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Galahoth</i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>
</i>seems to describe a type of hat worn by the Great Khan. The MED also includes <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED18085" target="_blank"><b>galaoth</b> </a> from the ME
translation or the text, and defines it as 'diadem worn by a Tartar emperor'. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">il
ouste sa galahoth qe siet sur sa teste en guyse d’un chapeau de feutre, qe est
fait d’or et des pierres preciouses et de grosses perles </span><i><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mandeville</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">401<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">('<i>he removed his 'galahoth' which sat on his
head like a felt hat, which was made of gold and precious stones and large
pearls')<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><br /></i></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fZJqZHcMRZM/V-o4ytX0YyI/AAAAAAAAAi8/ukY9WzFZprgm6J6sjfDT47tckW5XCWmGACLcB/s1600/luttrell%2B66v%2BBL%2BAdd%2BMS%2B42130.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="304" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fZJqZHcMRZM/V-o4ytX0YyI/AAAAAAAAAi8/ukY9WzFZprgm6J6sjfDT47tckW5XCWmGACLcB/s640/luttrell%2B66v%2BBL%2BAdd%2BMS%2B42130.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BL Add. MS 42130</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Lexis of
Cloth and Clothing project includes an entry on this hat, but suggests that our
Mongolian tag might be optimistic. Under <b><a href="http://lexissearch.arts.manchester.ac.uk/entry.aspx?id=2140" target="_blank">galahoth</a></b> we find the
suggestion that the word may in fact be derived from the name Gilead: "</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It may in some way be
related to galeola, Latin diminutive of galea 'helm', and also the Latin
adjective galeatus 'helmed'. It is possible that the word was 'exoticised' in
form under influence of a name (e.g., common medieval spellings of Biblical
Gilead in various medieval texts include galaath, galaoth, etc.)."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The word is not included in other dictionaries of medieval French,
though there are similar terms suggestive of an etymological link. The DMF
includes an entry <b><a href="http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/definition/galiot3" target="_blank">galiot#3</a></b>, drawn
from another version of Mandeville's text, describing a similar type of hat:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Et l'empereur les fait venir devant lui<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="dmfcomm"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: purple; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[les religieux d'une procession]</span></span><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, et oste contre la crois
son<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="dmfocc"><i><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">galiot</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="dmfcomm"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: purple; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[même mot que</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: purple; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="dmfcomm"><i><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: purple; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">galeros</span></i></span><span class="dmfcomm"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: purple; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ?]</span></span><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, qui siet sur son chief en signe de chapeau, qui tous
est d'or et de pierre precieuses<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><i><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Vers. liég. Livr. Mandeville</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">T.R., c.1375-1390, 134</span></a><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">('<i>And the emperor had them come
before him and removed the cross from his 'galiot', which sat on his head like
a hat, which was completely of gold and precious stones</i>')<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The DMF also includes an entry for <b><a href="http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/definition/galeros" target="_blank">galeros</a></b>, attested once in a text from
the late fifteenth-century, with the meaning of 'leather hat with the insignia
of Mercury':<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">...nous commancerons a son chief<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="dmfcomm"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: purple; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[de la statue de Mercure]</span></span><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, qui est couvert d'un habillement de cuir que les
Grecz appellent "</span><span class="dmfocc"><i><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">galeros</span></i></span><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">", en signifiance que
la planecte de ce nom est de petite apparence entre les corps celestes<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><i><span lang="FR" style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hist. prem. destruct. </span></i><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Troie</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">R., c.1470-1480, 66</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">('<i>we began at the head (of the statue of Mercury), which was covered by a
leather item of clothing that the Greeks call 'galeros', to signify the planet by
this name which has a small appearance among the celestial bodies</i>')<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This term may then
derive from the Classical Latin <span style="font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: normal;">galerus</span>
(FEW IV,29b 'kappe'; DMLBS <b>galerus</b>
'head-covering, hat'). Not as interesting of an etymology as one derived from
Mongolian, but perhaps a bit more likely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P1brKD1YwVY/V-o4pYXAWoI/AAAAAAAAAi4/r40CVg2bJ6gENvw_002dF8J0ZtcSMynIgCLcB/s1600/BnF%2Bespagnol%2B286%2Bf.35r.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P1brKD1YwVY/V-o4pYXAWoI/AAAAAAAAAi4/r40CVg2bJ6gENvw_002dF8J0ZtcSMynIgCLcB/s320/BnF%2Bespagnol%2B286%2Bf.35r.jpg" width="301" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BnF espagnol 286, f.35r</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Cumant</i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i> </i>is used twice by
Mandeville and appears to refer to the concept of 'ten thousand':<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Quote1"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cele cité vaut trop au seignur du pays, qar il y ad touz les aunz de rente
de celle cité, si come sils de la cité dient, L</span></span><span class="super"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Milz</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="Quote1"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">cumanz des florins
d’or. Qar ils acomptent la touz par cumanz, et vaut chescun cumant X</span></span><span class="super"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mil</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="Quote1"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">florins</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mandeville </span></i></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">365<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="source-whole"><span lang="FR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Quote1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">('<i>This city was very valuable to
the lord of the country as every year the rents from the city, as those from
the city say, amount to .L. thousand 'cumants' of gold florins. For they count
the totals by 'cumanz' and each 'cumant' is of the value of ten thousand
florins</i>')<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The same concept is expressed in other versions of the text through the
term <b><a href="http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/definition/tumau" target="_blank">tumau</a></b>. The DMF links this
term to that of <b><a href="http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/definition/toman" target="_blank">toman</a></b>, found in Marco's Polo's book, from a Persian word. </span></span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tūmān,</span></i><span class="source-whole"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> used to denote ten thousand. It seems likely that we
should understand the word <i>cumant</i> and
<i>toman </i>as being the same word, as
confusion between the letters 'c' and 't' is quite common in medieval scripts. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It appears then that our Mongolian tag is in error upon further
evaluation of the two terms and there doesn't seem to have been contact between
the two languages (unsurprisingly!) However, we do seem to have uncovered a
borrowing from Persian and will need to add a new tag to reflect this origin! [hap]</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-8004665925092183162016-07-28T09:01:00.001+01:002016-07-28T09:03:31.462+01:00Word of the Month: Sky blue, peacock blue, indigo and luxury fabric colours <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As part of my PhD
thesis, I have been researching language contact between Anglo-Norman and
dialects of medieval Italian.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The AND currently only has five entries labelled
as Italianisms: </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-6D6D7329-66742AFA-A556305B-B7B0B6D5&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">comyt</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
< It. <i>comito</i> (‘first officer on a
galley’); </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-34AAFE0D-2628D8D0-20A70792-1C4BF6B2&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">cotegnate</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
< It. <i>cotognato</i> (‘quince jam’); <i>fangot</i> (sub </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-26727F43-2AF1CD3C-E9AA32EC-74DE116F&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">fagot</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)
< It. <i>fangotto</i> (‘a bundle of
cloth); </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-F57D8A44-66EF0FC0-216FC557-EF86C824&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">sarme</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
< It. <i>sarma</i> (‘a measure of
capacity’) and </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-DC4A1BB8-14CF1E16-8E011429-472CD475&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">sport</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
< It. <i>sporta</i> (‘a basket’).<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
These words are all found in the same two sources from the city of Southampton:
the <i>Port Books </i>of 1427-30 and the <i>Local Port Book</i> of 1435-36, administrative
records which list the cargoes of the many Venetian and Genoese ships which
docked in the Hampshire port in the early fifteenth century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jo-KK_gHB54/V5m54Ej4UaI/AAAAAAAAAiM/YpsiGT-6HVcZrDp_S4xsa42cjraQ7fvQwCLcB/s1600/01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jo-KK_gHB54/V5m54Ej4UaI/AAAAAAAAAiM/YpsiGT-6HVcZrDp_S4xsa42cjraQ7fvQwCLcB/s400/01.jpg" width="381" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Source: wikimedia
commons; public domain)</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">However, my research
has found that there is much more evidence to be uncovered of Italian influence
on Anglo-Norman. One of the semantic fields that showed numerous potential
loanwords was that of luxury and exotic textiles. The English market for silks,
brocades and velvets was monopolised by the Italian traders who, for over two
hundred years, imported fabric from the Middle East, China and Mongolia.
Following the Crusades, the Republics of Venice and Genoa had both become
powerful maritime states which established various rival colonies around the
eastern Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Levant: this Italian shipping
empire was late medieval England’s only connection to many international
commodities. Increasingly, from the 1300s onwards, silks of Eastern origin were
manufactured in Italy itself, especially in Lucca (in Tuscany) and Venice. The
dense, soft silk type we know as <i>velvet</i>
was also invented in the weaving centres of medieval Italy and became one of
noble Europe’s most sought-after products.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The AND corpus contains many records of purchases of such expensive fabrics, especially
on behalf of the Royal Wardrobe: these were of varying thickness, smooth or
textured, plain or adorned with gold or silver embroidery: e.g. </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-0F9D2215-D22C2CE3-97E77973-66B20979&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">attaby</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-D7E39387-CBBE3691-E6185986-A91CFAD7&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">baldekin</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-10905669-B0910572-4DD10421-F221392D&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">camaca</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-9C7A7336-6A94A8B9-12725160-1BCD806D&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">damaske</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-CBE8C4D2-856C729E-A2695C66-B0272383&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">emperial</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-03FBE8EF-91A2D119-81CA8A64-F0FB0199&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">maramas</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
<i>ragamas</i> (sub </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-BD23AA8B-AE204A0B-26CC9269-6B2F8082&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">frunt</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">),
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-BB3FCFD9-F62A5781-FADC7F4C-E29706DF&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">satin</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-7794F61C-6024880A-620CDE8E-A31294F9&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">taffata</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-F9944EE2-F11C0CEB-F5D694C6-A28EC463&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">tartarin</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-F9944EE2-F11C0CEB-F5D694C6-A28EC463&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">velvet</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.<b> </b>The recently completed online
database, <i>The Lexis of Cloth and Clothing
Project</i> (</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/EDHWC0IB/lexissearch.arts.manchester.ac.uk"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">lexissearch.arts.manchester.ac.uk</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)
gives a very useful overview of the spread of textile lexis throughout medieval
British languages and we also find some of these silk names in Latin, </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 274px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 148px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 349px; z-index: 251659259;"></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">English, Scots, Welsh
and Cornish.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FZ7KobEBunI/V5m5506d4sI/AAAAAAAAAiU/MTOQ8QPxZa4BaQL3N4tzUUuqrLtjkqE_gCEw/s1600/02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="313" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FZ7KobEBunI/V5m5506d4sI/AAAAAAAAAiU/MTOQ8QPxZa4BaQL3N4tzUUuqrLtjkqE_gCEw/s400/02.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%; text-align: center;">(Source:
pininterest.com. Silk from Lucca,14th century. Now in Uppsala Cathedral,
Sweden)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It seems that the Italians
imported not just sumptuous fabrics into England but also words associated with
their colour. In many cases, these
colours gradually came to be used as cloth names in themselves. This blog
focuses on the blue-purple spectrum for which we already have several colour
names recorded in the AND: </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-7604A29E-2A94B371-2E84EA73-14F33FB8&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">bleu</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
of course, but also </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-455EFC6C-9E6B6148-29DCB505-0F9604A5&session=SSGB8405T1469605693&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">azur</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-A3E40117-BBF3AF27-A5E548FC-A3AF9FFC&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">jacinte</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-DFAFCAB0-9E74D088-7E99A579-8DBB1AB3&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">jacintin</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-7340868B-18CD7D14-C3CCA859-47EAD9BD&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">passe</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-D1B7A955-AE2724DF-7A63653D-741950E3&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">pers</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-6F9EDD14-F4E64810-6C389E4F-AE632383&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">persan</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-9C9B9139-48CA7F1C-B2307A90-BB4D70BB&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">plunket</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-CEBE0979-A55A338E-B77E29F4-48E18A9C&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">purpre</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>violettez</i> (sub </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-C152B1F4-ED25EB5B-88F02434-FC559235&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">motlé</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)
and, borrowed from Middle English, </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-3CBBFDA0-7AA612A9-7B4D812A-5D7422F9&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">hawen</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-101-197BD0AA-7576509C-7A7662FE-C003462E&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">wachet</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.
Three blues in particular found in Anglo-Norman texts appear to have close
links to Italy. Our first example is ‘sky- / heavenly-blue’ or </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-F348D68A-22BC9E02-5DD4559D-9991EDD6&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">celestrin</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
a fabric colour most likely derived from Italian <i>celestrino / cilestrino. Panni
celestrini</i> are first attested in the Latin of Rome in 1287 and then in
numerous Italian merchant texts form the 1300s and 1400s: see <i>Tesoro della lingua italiana delle origini</i>
(TLIO) sub <b>celestino</b> and the <i>Lessico Etimologico Italiano </i>(LEI) sub </span><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">caelistinum</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some
cloth samples of this blue colour from c1402 have even survived, attached to a
business letter, in the Datini Archive in Prato, as you can in the photograph
below. The textile historian, Lisa Monnas has noted that there was more than
one kind of ‘celestrine blue’, citing a Florentine document of 1419-28 which
contrasts <i>cilestrino per Roma</i> (‘Roman
celestrine’) with <i>cilestrino al modo
nostro </i>(‘our celestrine’).<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftn4" title="">[4]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftn4" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RLaFQFpp1OY/V5m55j5gYMI/AAAAAAAAAiY/_-BwW3jee9cZmQy1HqR0DUPHA7IsqmweQCEw/s1600/03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RLaFQFpp1OY/V5m55j5gYMI/AAAAAAAAAiY/_-BwW3jee9cZmQy1HqR0DUPHA7IsqmweQCEw/s400/03.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;">(Source: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Lettera 1173 con campione di
tessuto, Bacellona-Firenze’, c1402, Datini Archive homepage)</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In England, we find the
colour / fabric name in Anglo-Norman and Middle English sections of the
accounts of the Worshipful Company of Grocers (a London livery company with very
close connections to Italian merchants) and, later, in the accounts of Richard
III where, coincidentally, it appears alongside another blue cloth name of
Italian origin (see OED2 sub </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/207645?redirectedFrom=turkin#eid"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">turkin</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">drap
de colour celestryn</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (Grocers 90) (1401) (AND sub </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-F348D68A-22BC9E02-5DD4559D-9991EDD6&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">celestrin</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
clothing murrey and plunket celstyne</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (Some Acct. Worshipful
Company of Grocers 419) (1435-36) (OED2 sub </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/29453?redirectedFrom=celestrine#eid"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">celestrine
/ celstine</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cloth
called Vervise, otherwise called Plonkets, Turkins, or Celestrines</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
(Act 1 Rich. III c.8 §18) (1483) (OED2 sub </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/29453?redirectedFrom=celestrine#eid"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">celestrine
/ celstine</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iedYaWZyskw/V5m55pBm7cI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/IR6fTGJTxxspLTCbLmuxpG06gC_vNhkhACEw/s1600/04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iedYaWZyskw/V5m55pBm7cI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/IR6fTGJTxxspLTCbLmuxpG06gC_vNhkhACEw/s400/04.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Source: BNF Français 343 - Queste del Saint Graal /
Tristan de Léonois Folio: 3v)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Our second blue – <i>paunace</i> – is not yet found in the AND
corpus but will be included when the Second Edition of ‘P’ is published online
(early 2017). There is a clear link to Italy in the case of this expensive ‘peacock-blue’
fabric in England, even if the earliest records of its name are found in France
(the Old French colour <i>peonace</i> or
‘rouge violacé’ is attested c1172, see FEW VIII, 84a: <b>pavo</b>). The cloth-name appears in the Latin Close Rolls in England from
1208:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">item xxj uln’ de poenac’ ad opus camerar’
regine</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Cl 88b) (1208) (DMLBS sub <b>pounaceus</b>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and
among other prized possessions (such as a cloth of gold and a silk-trimmed
coverlet) in the Anglo-Norman wardrobe inventory of the knight, Osbert
Spaldington, from 1298:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Ço est a saver .iij. dras d’or e un say e .j. coverlit linge od le bordur de
cendel. E un coverture de gris od le drap de paunace </span></i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftn5" title="">[5]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftn5" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The ‘peacock’ colour
name was only applied to highest quality dyed silks and woollen cloth and by
far the most prolific producers of such cloths were the Italians. As Lisa
Monnas details, the Venetians, in particular, were famed for obtaining a unique
iridescent, purplish colour with tinges of red (<i>paonazzo</i>) by mixing two costly dyes: indigo (see below) and the red
‘grain’ (<i>grana</i>).<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Compare this cloth description of the exotic cloth <i>cameletto</i> (</span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-8FCA7939-97FB1450-DF5981E9-27DF390C&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">camelot</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
or </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/26718?redirectedFrom=camelot#eid"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">‘camlet’</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">))
which has been dyed in this way, recorded in another English Close Roll from
1252:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">robam
integram de optimo cameletto vel de ponacio tincto in grein </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(Cl 290) (1252) (DMLBS
sub <b>pounaceus</b>)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P5S_ECkB1rU/V5m56KeMFJI/AAAAAAAAAik/Ic7oHIY2ikoBPmtiRep3ds-zClvz5shzACEw/s1600/05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P5S_ECkB1rU/V5m56KeMFJI/AAAAAAAAAik/Ic7oHIY2ikoBPmtiRep3ds-zClvz5shzACEw/s400/05.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Source:
http://facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/indigo.htm)</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Our
third and final blue is an especially exciting find for lexicographers! Indigo
dye has been used since ancient times, first extracted from <i>Indigofera tinctoria</i>, a member of the
bean family cultivated in India. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Once again, it was the</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Italian maritime
states, especially Venice, Genoa and Pisa, who dominated the import of this
rare and expensive commodity from their overseas colonies until the sixteenth
century (after which the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch took over).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 100.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Indigo
</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">is not currently found in the AND
corpus.<i> </i>It does not appear in
Continental French until 1544, or in English until 1555 (as the dye) and until
1622 (as the colour): see TLFi sub </span><a href="http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/advanced.exe?8;s=635092035;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">indigo</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> / OED2 sub </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/94503?redirectedFrom=indigo#eid"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">indigo</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">. In the Middle Ages, the term used
for this dark blue in all dialects of French and in Middle English was <i>inde / ynde</i> from the same ultimate Latin
root <i>indicus</i> (‘of India’): see, for
example, AND sub </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/dict/AND-201-0D876350-9E6A60B6-16C843E6-36588271&session=SSGB1615T1469642077&menu=no"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">inde<sup>1</sup></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (attested c1175<i>)</i>, TLFi sub </span><a href="http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/advanced.exe?8;s=635092035;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">inde</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (attested c1150), DMLBS sub <b>indicus</b> (attested 9<sup>th</sup>
century), OED2 sub </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/94194?redirectedFrom=inde#eid"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">inde</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(attested 1320). </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 100.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 100.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">However,
I have recently found the colour <i>yndigo</i>
used to describe satin in an Anglo-Norman account written in London as far back
as 1440, 182 years earlier than the first OED entry. The text forms part of the
<i>Views of the Hosts of Alien Merchants</i>
(edited in English translation by Helen Bradley in 2012), a collection of
bureaucratic documents recording the imports and exports of foreign (and mainly
Italian) merchants in England.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The account in question deals with the Contarini family of Venice and it almost
certain that <i>yndigo</i> is borrowed from
the Venetian <i>indigo</i> /<i>endego, </i>a dialectal form first attested
in 1246: see <i>Dizionario Etimologico
Italiano</i><b> </b>(DEI)<b> </b>sub<b> indigo</b> and TLIO sub <b>indaco</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 100.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 100.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Item a John Olney le xxvij iour d’April
v peces satyns yndigo vj<sup>li </sup>xiij<sup>s </sup>iiij<sup>d </sup></span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">E101/128/30 ret. 6, Sir William Estfield, host to Bertucci
and Tommaso Contarini, merchants of Venice) (1440)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 100.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 100.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Coincidentally,
the first mention of <i>indigo</i> dye in an
English-matrix text in 1555 is the form <i>endego,
</i>found in a translation of a Venetian geographical treatise by Giovan
Battista Ramusio (OED2 sub </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/94503?redirectedFrom=indigo#eid"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">indigo</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">).
As the TLFi and the OED both highlight in their etymologies, Spanish <i>indico</i> and Portuguese <i>indigo</i> must have played a role in the
transmission of this dye / colour name in the second phase of its trade history
during the sixteenth century. But this much earlier <i>yndigo</i> is an important remnant of Anglo-Italian language contact in
the later Middle Ages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 100.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 100.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[Megan Tiddeman, Aberystwyth]</span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> The former Chief Editor of the
AND, David Trotter, discusses these loanwords in an article from 2011: ‘Death,
taxes and property: some code-switching evidence from Dover, Southampton and
York’, in <i>Code-Switching in Early English</i>,
ed. by Herbert Schendl and Laura Wright (Berlin: De Gruyter), pp. 155-89.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> The following three studies give
a fascinating insight into the lucrative Italian silk industry in the Middle
Ages: Monnas, Lisa. 1989. ‘Silk Cloths Purchased for the Great Wardrobe of the
Kings of England, 1325-1462’, <i>Textile</i>
<i>History</i>, 20: 283-308 / King, Donald
and Monique King. 1988. ‘Silk Weaves of Lucca in 1376’, in <i>Opera Textilia variorum temporum: To Honour Agnes Geijer on her
ninetieth birthday</i>, ed. by Inger Estham and Margareta Nockert (Stockholm:
Staten Historiska Museum), pp. 66-77 / Molà, Luca. 2000. <i>The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice</i> (Baltimore: John Hopkins
University Press).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> See also AND editor, Heather
Pagan’s </span><a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/word-of-month-purple.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">blog on ‘purpre</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">’ from February 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> See Monnas, Lisa. 2014. ‘Some
Medieval Colour Terms for Textiles’, <i>Medieval
Clothing and Textiles</i>, 10: 25-57 (pp.28-29).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> See Lachaud, Frédérique. 1994.
‘An Aristocratic Wardrobe of the Late Thirteenth Century: The Confiscation of
the Goods of Osbert de Spaldington in 1298’, <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</i>, 67: 91-100
(p.90).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> See Monnas, Lisa. 2014. ‘Some
Medieval Colour Terms for Textiles’, Medieval Clothing and Textiles, 10: 25-57
(p. 49).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2007%20Luxury%20fabric%20colours.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> See Bradley, Helen. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012.
<i>The Views of the Hosts of Alien
Merchants, 1440-1444</i> (London: The Boydell Press).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-85373636796714354002016-06-30T09:23:00.000+01:002016-06-30T09:25:56.145+01:00Word of the Month: body-parts ‘canel’, ‘canole’, ‘eskanel’, ‘chanel’, and which is which?<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Part of the current
revision process of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary (</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/www.anglo-norman.net"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">www.anglo-norman.net</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
is the provision of (live) links to other relevant dictionaries for every
single entry. This places all Anglo-Norman words in their wider linguistic
context, mapped against their equivalents in <b>English</b> (<i>Oxford English
Dictionary</i> (OED) and <i>Middle English Dictionary</i>
(MED)), <b>Continental French</b>
(Godefroy’s <i>Dictionnaire de l’ancienne
langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle</i> (Gdf) and
its <i>Complément</i> (GdfC), Tobler and
Lommatzsch’s <i>Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch </i>(TL),
<i>Dictionnaire du Moyen Français</i> (DMF)
and <i><span style="background: white;">Trésor
de la langue française</span></i><span style="background: white;"> (TLF) and <b>Latin</b> (<i>Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources</i> (DMLBS)). In
addition, AND entries are also linked with two <b>etymological dictionaries</b> <b>of
(medieval) French</b>: <i>F</i></span><i>ranzösisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</i>
(FEW) and <i>Dictionnaire étymologique de
l’ancien français</i> (DEAF). These in particular add an extra level of
elucidation to AND entries by documenting the origins and original senses of
words. And at times this type of information can shed new light on an entry or
even suggest <span style="background: white;">alterations or corrections.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One case in point is
the emergence of the following group of AND entries under ‘C’ and ‘E’, all
referring to body-parts:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canel1"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canel<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
‘<span class="trans">outer membrane
of the brain’</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canole"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canole</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: ‘collar-bone’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/eskanel"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">eskanel</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: ‘shinbone’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chanel2"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">chanel<sup>2</sup></span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: ‘shin-bone’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Formally these words
are very similar, with differences entirely within the realm of the phonetic or
orthographic variation one expects to find in Anglo-Norman: variance between
non-tonic ‘e’ and ‘o’, and the interchangeability of ‘c’, ‘k’ and even ‘ch’ are
common. Even in the case of </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/eskanel"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">eskanel</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
the use of an epenthetic or superfluous ‘es-‘ prefix is not abnormal in Anglo-Norman
(see for example </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/eschine"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">eschine</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
(and <i>chine</i>), </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/eschivacher"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">eschivacher</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
(and <i>chivacher</i>) and </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/eschose1"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">eschose<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
(and <i>chose</i>)). So are these similar-looking
entries, some with very different senses (but all referring to body-parts),
really separate words? And how can etymology help us to determine this?</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ez824gv6AmA/V3TT79UrStI/AAAAAAAAAhg/WGdDR60vpKoO-BXkGj7FKHe3-_7XDElbgCLcB/s1600/%2527Talbot%2BShrewsbury%2Bbook%2527%252C%2BRoyal%2B15%2BE.%2Bvi%252C%2Bf.%2B21v%2B%2528c.1445%2529%2BAlexander%2Bmeeting%2Bblemmyae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="385" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ez824gv6AmA/V3TT79UrStI/AAAAAAAAAhg/WGdDR60vpKoO-BXkGj7FKHe3-_7XDElbgCLcB/s400/%2527Talbot%2BShrewsbury%2Bbook%2527%252C%2BRoyal%2B15%2BE.%2Bvi%252C%2Bf.%2B21v%2B%2528c.1445%2529%2BAlexander%2Bmeeting%2Bblemmyae.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">'Talbot Shrewsbury book', Royal 15 E. vi, f. 21v (c.1445)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">Alexander meeting blemmyae</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.4px;">)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the case
of </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canole"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canole</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(‘collar-bone’) the FEW suggests an origin in the Latin word *<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cannabula (2,214</span>b<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">)</span>: a compound of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">canna</span>
(‘schilf’, i.e. ‘reed’) and the suffix <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">-abula
(</span>‘was umschliest’, i.e. ‘that which surrounds’). Apparently, the sense
of ‘reed’ or ‘cane’ widened to refer to anything tube-shaped or a conduit,<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and the possible anatomical senses listed by the FEW include ‘clavicule’,
‘vertèbres du cou’ (i.e. ‘vertebrae of the neck’), ‘trachée-artere’ (i.e.
‘windpipe’), and ‘gosier’ (i.e. ‘throat’) – body-parts that are connected with
or part of the neck. There are no attestations in Latin of <i>cannabula</i> itself (as the asterisk suggests: the word is a
reconstruction on the basis of what the FEW believes must be the origin of
certain romance word), but medieval Latin has <b>canola</b>: clearly the same term and glossed in the DMLBS as
‘cannel-bone’ i.e. ‘neck-bone’ or ‘collar-bone’ (</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DMLBS 259b)<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the
likelihood then of Anglo-Norman </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canel1"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canel<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(‘outer membrane of the brain’) being merely a variant spelling of
this </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canole"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canole</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">?
Currently he FEW does not list any <i>-el</i>
variants sub *<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cannabula.
</span>Medieval Latin has <b>canella</b>
(‘channel, watercourse’, ‘tube’ and, most significantly, also ‘cannel-bone’) (DMLBS
257a-b)<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> as
a separate entry. The DMLBS tentatively suggest that this word may be a
diminutive form of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">canna</span>,
but also presumes the influence of Anglo-Norman <i>canel</i> and Old French <i>chanel</i>.
Both etymologies are possible, and language evolves in such a way that one
should not exclude the other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E9tFZX9p084/V3TT8R4RKjI/AAAAAAAAAh4/Ty3ho3uASFo58LP0RDpb5hJL6wL2Rt47ACKgB/s1600/Diagram%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMuscles%252C%2BBodleian%2BLibrary%252C%2BAshmole%2B399%252C%2Bfol.%2B22r.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E9tFZX9p084/V3TT8R4RKjI/AAAAAAAAAh4/Ty3ho3uASFo58LP0RDpb5hJL6wL2Rt47ACKgB/s400/Diagram%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMuscles%252C%2BBodleian%2BLibrary%252C%2BAshmole%2B399%252C%2Bfol.%2B22r.jpg" width="263" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">Diagram of the Muscles, Bodleian Library, Ashmole 399, fol. 22r)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Turning to English, we have the word <b>cannel bone</b>, attested from the second half of the fourteenth
century (in Chaucer’s <i>Book of the Duchess</i>),
with a sixteenth-century variation as <b>channel-bone</b>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
A shorter form, <b>cannel</b>, is also
attested as early as in <i>Sir Gawain and
the Green Knight </i>(c.1390) with, from the fifteenth century, also <b>channel</b> appearing. The OED’s glosses
include ‘neck-bone’ as well as ‘collar-bone’ and ‘cervical vertebrae’), so
despite the absence of any <i>-ol </i>spellings
in English, semantically the word overlaps with Anglo-Norman </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canole"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canole</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. It seems that where French used the term <i>canole</i>, English had <i>canel</i>,
perhaps under the influence of <i>channel</i>
– the word for ‘canal’, which shares a similar etymology: <i>channel</i> derives from the adjectival form of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">canna</span> i.e. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cannalis</span>
(FEW 2/i,168a).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">So while
Continental French has one form (<i>canole</i>)
and English another (<i>c(h)annel</i>),
Anglo-Norman seems to have both: </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canole"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canole</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canel1"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canel<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. While slightly different etymologies seem to have been involved
(*<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cannabula</span> vs. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cannalis</span>, or even, as suggested by the
DMBLS, a diminutive of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">canna</span>),
they all revolve around the etymon <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">canna</span>.
And even this simplex form is attested, both in Anglo-Norman and Latin, with anatomical
senses (‘spinal column’ sub AND </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/can"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">can</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and ‘windpipe’ sub DMLBS <b>canna<sup>1</sup>
</b>(258c). To conclude, it appears that <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">canna,</span>
in a variety of possible forms or derivatives, produced vernacular words for a
range of related or interconnected body-parts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KSQBsBTVfbc/V3TVj8WMqoI/AAAAAAAAAh8/UOUekWjmevUIES8U4cslDRN3YHureqRUwCKgB/s1600/Cambridge%2BTrinity%2BCollege%2527s%252C%2BO.1.20%252C%2BDoctor%2Bclosing%2Ba%2Bneck-wound.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KSQBsBTVfbc/V3TVj8WMqoI/AAAAAAAAAh8/UOUekWjmevUIES8U4cslDRN3YHureqRUwCKgB/s400/Cambridge%2BTrinity%2BCollege%2527s%252C%2BO.1.20%252C%2BDoctor%2Bclosing%2Ba%2Bneck-wound.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(Cambridge Trinity College's, O.1.20, Doctor closing a neck-wound)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This
complicated etymological intersection has its semantic consequences, which also
call into question some of the AND’s definitions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To begin
with the simplex, the AND entry for <b>can </b>currently
defines the word as ‘spinal column’ – a sense supported by <i>Gdf</i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (<b>cane
1 </b>1,778c). However, Tobler-Lommatzsch (<b>chan</b> 2,206) rejects this and suggests
the meaning ‘collar-bone, clavicle’, synonymous with <i>canole</i>. As editors have pointed out, a blow to the collar-bone is
not normally lethal, whereas in the following case, striking someone on the <i>can de col</i> clearly is:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">El can del col l’a si feru Qu’a
terre l’a mort abatu</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> [<span class="source-whole"><i>Waldef</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">BB 11905]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(‘He
hit him so hard on the <u>spinal column /<span class="source-whole"> clavicle / ...
</span> <span class="source-whole">(?)</span></u><span class="source-whole"> </span>that he struck him dead on the ground’)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On another occasion,
the effects are less extreme:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote1"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Le glotun fert si lez la cane […]
Ke les orailles ad estunez</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> [<span class="source-whole"><i>Mir N-D</i>153.87]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(‘He hit the glutton so hard along his <u>spinal
column/clavicle/ ...</u> (?) [...] that his ears started ringing’)</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The DMF
(sub <b>canne</b>) adds another
interpretation, and translates the word as ‘windpipe’ or ‘oesophagus’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">As for <i>canole</i>, the sense ‘clavicle’ seems plausible
in the following example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote1"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Par le bras l’ad saké
[…]; Mes le bras estret de la cavole</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="label"><span style="color: green; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(<i>l.</i></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: green; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="legitur"><span style="color: green; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canole</span></span><span class="label"><span style="color: green; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> [</span></span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Man
pechez</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6972</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">]<span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(‘He has dragged him by the
arm [...]; But he pulled the arm away from its <u>clavicle</u>’)</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bringing
together all these senses, and keeping in mind the meaning of the FEW’s
proposed etymon (‘(around) the neck’), a conclusion might be that these
different translations are perhaps too precise – that the words <i>can (de col)</i> and <i>canel/canole</i> are being used with reference to different parts of
the body, distinguished by the taxonomies of modern science, but perhaps seen
as one zone of the body in medieval times. What these usages have in common is
that they refer to the neck and its surrounding anatomy, thus including the
nape of the neck (with the uppermost part of the spinal column), the windpipe, and
the clavicles or collar-bones to the sides.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ghWx4ImI1eM/V3TT8WU1AvI/AAAAAAAAAh4/4C5RMB0ydak_MLlv7di1DXieH7YMEZ76ACKgB/s1600/Nuremberg%2BChronicle%252C%2B1493.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="382" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ghWx4ImI1eM/V3TT8WU1AvI/AAAAAAAAAh4/4C5RMB0ydak_MLlv7di1DXieH7YMEZ76ACKgB/s400/Nuremberg%2BChronicle%252C%2B1493.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The OED,
sub </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27093"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">cannel-bone
n.</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, best acknowledges this modern ambiguity by listing the two
senses: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“1.
The ‘neck-bone’: perh. properly the cervical vertebræ, which form the medullary
canal. (But it is not easy to know in what sense early writers used it [...]) 2. The collar-bone or clavicle.” The OED’s
third edition, which includes the revision of etymologies, is likely to expand
upon the interpretation of this 1888 entry.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Even so,
the AND’s definition of ‘outer membrane of the brain’ sub </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canel1"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canel<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">still<b> </b>stands out. This,
however, is based upon a single citation and is supported solely by the fact
that the word is glossed in Middle English as <i>tey</i>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote1"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[...] Toup, canel (</span></i></span><span class="pargloss"><i><span style="color: green; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M.E.
tey)</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><span class="Quote1"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">et cervel [...]</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> [</span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nom</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5]<span style="color: maroon;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This <i>Nominale </i>is basically a collection of thematic
word-lists (juxtaposing Anglo-Norman and Middle English vocabulary), at this
point naming the different parts of the head:
‘hair on top of the head, “canel” and the brain’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The very
same citation is glossed in MED (for their entry </span><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED44655"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">teie n.2</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">) as ‘<span style="background: white;">the membrane forming the
outer covering of the brain, the dura mater’, and this is what must have
prompted the AND’s definition. Without calling into question the meaning of the
Middle English gloss, the Anglo-Norman word and its presumed etymology suggest
that the part of the body referred is perhaps the upper part, or nape, of the
neck, in this case the cervical vertebrae.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It becomes apparent that some revision of the definitions of these AND#2
articles is called for, reminding us of how medieval scientific terms often
require a different approach than our modern classifications suggest. The
entries </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canel1"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canel<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">and </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canole"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canole</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
should perhaps be merged, while a broader definition, along the lines of ‘(anat.)
area of the neck and shoulders (including the clavicles, nape of the neck and
throat)’, seems necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">* *
*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But no
anatomical system could confuse these parts of the body with the shin-bone ...
And this is exactly what seems to be happening with </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/eskanel"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">eskanel</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and<b> </b></span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chanel2"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">chanel<sup>2</sup></span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(the latter listing <i>canel</i>
and <i>kanel </i>as a variant spellings)<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
– if indeed these words share the same etymology as well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interestingly,
all instances of these two words appear in Walter of Bibbesworth’s mid-thirteenth-century
<i>Tretiz de langage</i> or in the closely
related fifteenth-century <i>Femina </i>text.
The only other dictionary to attest these words/uses (be it only in the form
without the ‘es-’) is TL (<b>chanel 3</b>,
2,216: ‘schienbein’), and only uses the same Bibbesworth source. The words are
absent from any of the abovementioned other dictionaries, and without any clear
etymological support, the current AND definition is based entirely upon the ME
gloss: ‘shynbon’ and the context:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">En la chaunbe avez la zure, et tant cum braoun i est ensure
De meillur force home se assure, Si l’eskanel seit saunz blezure</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> [<i>Bibb Roth</i> (G) 148]</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(‘On the leg you have the calf, and the more muscle on it,
the more a man can be sure of his strength, if the shinbone is unharmed’)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-seKQrs1IVDs/V3TT8du9EkI/AAAAAAAAAh4/sl1zsQ-T4RIGmQiCDtN-5AptrJYVR31CwCKgB/s1600/unidentified%2Bmedieval%2BBible.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-seKQrs1IVDs/V3TT8du9EkI/AAAAAAAAAh4/sl1zsQ-T4RIGmQiCDtN-5AptrJYVR31CwCKgB/s400/unidentified%2Bmedieval%2BBible.jpg" width="272" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.4px;">(unidentified medieval Bible)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Where
does this word come from? And how did it acquire this sense? With no other
etymology readily available, and considering the formal similarity with </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canel1"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canel<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canole"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">canole</span></b></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, can
these words be interpreted as deriving from the same <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">canna</span> etymon? In that case, is it possible that Bibbesworth
used the wrong Anglo-Norman word? There seems to have been a common confusion
in medieval English of ‘shin-bone’ and ‘chin-bone’ (cf. MED sub </span><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED39951"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">shin(e n.1</span></b></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">), and indeed, some variant manuscripts of the Bibbesworth
text gloss <i>eskanel</i> with ‘chin-bone’<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
A chin-bone, or jawbone, once more belongs to the aforementioned general area
of the neck, and indeed some of the uses of <i>canole
</i>may be interpreted as ‘jaw’ or ‘jaw-bone’:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cil feri
le Gyu lez cele joue Ke la <span style="color: red;">canole</span> le deslowe</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> [<i>Mir
N-D</i> 158.282]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(‘He hit
the Jew on the cheek, so much that it dislocated his jaw’)<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftn7" title="">[7]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftn7" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But
since this sense hardly fits the context (which talks about leg-muscle and
physical strength), must we assume that Bibbesworth hit upon the wrong French
word based on a formal/orthographical confusion of two very different Middle
English body-parts? Not only is this near impossible to prove, it seems an
unlikely slip-up for an author like Bibbesworth – particularly as none of the
variant manuscripts seem to have felt the need to correct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the
absence of any other etymological explanation, it may be suggested that while
the word for ‘shinbone’ may have come from the same etymon (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">canna</span>), using the general sense of
‘tube-like shape’ to refer to the elongated shin-bone or tibia. Why, however,
the word, with this sense, does not appear anywhere else than in this
Bibbesworth/<i>Femina</i> cluster remains
odd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--Gx6YdqDWac/V3TT7_rUaQI/AAAAAAAAAh4/Q4amrYkEPoMcKQjWM1VgW6KyWuWAHxIOACKgB/s1600/%2527The%2BRutland%2BPsalter%2527%252C%2BBL%2BAdd.%2B62925%2Bfol.%2B072v%2B%2528c.1260%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--Gx6YdqDWac/V3TT7_rUaQI/AAAAAAAAAh4/Q4amrYkEPoMcKQjWM1VgW6KyWuWAHxIOACKgB/s400/%2527The%2BRutland%2BPsalter%2527%252C%2BBL%2BAdd.%2B62925%2Bfol.%2B072v%2B%2528c.1260%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">('The Rutland Psalter', BL Add. 62925 fol. 072v (c.1260))</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How
will these findings further alter the AND entries? Allowing for the possibility
that the word for ‘shinbone’ after all derives from a (hitherto unidentified)
different etymology (and do let us know if you have any suggestions!), <b>eskanel/chanel<sup>2</sup></b> (‘shinbone’)
will be kept separate from <b>canole/ canel<sup>1</sup></b>
(‘area around and including the neck’). However, instead of four there will now
only be two entries, both of which provided with revised definitions and a
commentary discussing the possibility that ultimately they may derive from the
same Latin etymon or group of etyma. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[GDW]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The same word lies at the origin of </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chanel1"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">chanel<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, i.e. ‘channel,
bed (of river)’, which in medical text was used for passages or tubular
cavities in the body. See also English </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/30491"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">channel n.1</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(and post-medieval </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/26882"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">canal n.</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">). Further
English derivatives are, for example,<b> </b></span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27016"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">cane n.1</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27120"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">cannon n.1</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, and </span><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27024"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">canel n.</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (an obsolete
word for cinnamon, probably in the form of tube-like strips of bark), which
have their Anglo-Norman counterparts in </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/can"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">can</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canon1"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">canon<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, and </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canele1"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">canele<sup>1</sup></span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The earliest attestation of this word dates
from 1267, i.e. later than the use in Anglo-Norman.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The anatomical sense is attested from 1260.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> In
fifteenth-century Latin we even come across <i>os
canale</i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span>,
a straightforward translation of <i>cannel-bone</i>
(DMLBS <b>canalis<sup>1</sup></b> 254a)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The separation of the two forms is
complicated: the Bibbesworth text inevitably uses a definite article, with
editors unsure about whether to leave ‘le chanel’ as such, or transcribe as
‘l’echanel’ – producing a variant spelling for <i>eskanel</i>. Even allowing for the possibility of the coexistence of
forms with or without prefixes, it seems logical to create one AND article to
cover all citations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> With ‘ch’ usually interpreted as a mere
orthographical variant of ‘sh’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2006%20body%20parts,%20canel,%20canole,%20eskanel%20and%20chanel.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Also the abovementioned <i>Mir N-D </i>citation <span class="Quote1"><i>Le glotun fert si lez la cane […] Ke les orailles ad estunez</i></span>
(<span class="source-whole"><i>Mir N-D </i>153.87) might make best sense if
‘cane’ is interpreted as (lower) jaw.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-52271946556954109292016-05-24T09:31:00.001+01:002016-05-24T09:33:00.510+01:00Word of the Month: Decoration<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The primary
focus of the present AND project involves the editing of those entries
beginning with the letters N, O, P and U. In addition to this, the editors have
designed and implemented a series of semantic tags, as we have mentioned in
some of our previous posts. These tags have been developed to assist users in
determining the semantic area in which a definition is applicable. It is
envisaged that by early 2017, users of the dictionary will be able to search
via the semantic tags, allowing them to extract all words used in a particular
area (for example, all plant names, or all words relating to brewing, etc.). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The examination
of the semantic tags in use in the dictionary often shows us how important
certain texts are to our understanding of a particular semantic field. While
AND1 contained a [decor] tag, it was poorly used, originally flagging only 22 Anglo-Norman
words. This tag is meant to highlight terms and senses "related to visual
embellishment or adornment of objects, persons or places, including decorative
motifs and techniques". These are the types of terms one would expect to
find in documents that describe, or list, household or ecclesiastical items,
such as inventories, wills, or account books.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One particular source
used for the making of the AND are the Bedford Inventories and their
incorporation into AND2 has increased the number of entries tagged as [decor]
to 163 (and growing!). This book<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2005%20Bedford.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> publishes
three post-mortem inventories of the goods of John, duke of Bedford, completed
in the mid-fifteenth century. These documents provide a record and description
of the duke of Bedford's belongings, as well as the inventory of the goods in
his chapel. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XGtMQSc8q3s/V0QRGC89MLI/AAAAAAAAFfw/vk68I_pP3fQjEe9eYtVB6jQUjUNhJ87xgCLcB/s1600/IMG_20160524_0918337_rewind.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XGtMQSc8q3s/V0QRGC89MLI/AAAAAAAAFfw/vk68I_pP3fQjEe9eYtVB6jQUjUNhJ87xgCLcB/s320/IMG_20160524_0918337_rewind.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image of a portion of inventory B, from PRO E 154/1/33</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The importance
of this type of text cannot be overstated. Currently, the Bedford Inventories
are cited 346 times in AND2, illustrating 246 different entries. Of these, at
least 20% of the entries or senses are solely illustrated by citations from
Bedford, that is, these words or senses appear only in this text and nowhere
else. It is also valuable as a witness for the use of Anglo-Norman in the
fifteenth century, a period that saw the usage of the language dwindle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What kind of
words do we find solely in the Bedford Inventories and not elsewhere? As can be
expected from this type of text, a number of the unique words and senses are
ones which are used to describe the decorative items found in the Duke's
household and chapel, giving us an unparalleled view of how a medieval royal
household would be furnished and decorated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The word <i>decoration</i> is
unattested in Anglo-Norman, though it is extant in Medieval British Latin from
1238, in Middle French from 1416 and in Middle English from 1425 (see DMLBS <b>decoratio</b>; DMF <b><a href="http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/definition/d%C3%A9coration">decoration</a></b>; MED <b><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED10721">decoracioun</a></b>).
The existence of these parallel forms suggests that it is highly likely the
word existed in Anglo-Norman, but that we have not yet uncovered an attestation
of the form. There were other ways of talking about decoration in Anglo-Norman
though: <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/apparaillement">apparaillement</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/atiffement">atiffement</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/entaillure">entaillure</a></b>, and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/floresshing"><span id="goog_1343154778"></span>floresshing</a></b>
<span id="goog_1343154779"></span>were all used in Anglo-Norman texts to refer to forms of decoration or
adornment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The writer of
the Inventories frequently uses words that are well attested in Anglo-Norman,
but uses them to describe decorative motifs rather than the item themselves.
For example, we find the word <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/oiselet">oiselet</a></b>,
a diminutive used to refer to a small bird, used in the Bedford Inventories to
describe a decorative image.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Item, une grand
et haulte gobelet d'argent dorré [...] a .iiij. baneres rouges de petiz
oiseletz esparniés d'argent, esmailés de vert <i>Bedford Inventories </i>217.C17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>Item, a large and tall goblet of gilded
silver [...] with four red banners of small birds coated (?) with silver, with
green enamel</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2005%20Bedford.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other types of
decoration include the addition of a <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/bocete">bocete</a></b>
or <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/boton">boton</a></b>, ornamental decorations of
roundels or buds:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">aulbe et amit
parez, brodez de petites bosseites d'or <i>Bedford Inventories</i> 193.B62<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>adorned alb and amice, embroidered with small
golden roundels</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">une aultre
couppe d'or [...] a ung furtelé d'ung boton de fuilles d'or <i>Bedford Inventories</i>
215.C4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>another gold cup [...] with an embossed
ornamental leaf pattern of golden leaf buds</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SoZ17ohc16g/V0QMQ8RsCJI/AAAAAAAAFfc/X7CtkoeC6JY8IyfcMAjTvSiGIHhV1_NfgCLcB/s1600/2009CC5582_2500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SoZ17ohc16g/V0QMQ8RsCJI/AAAAAAAAFfc/X7CtkoeC6JY8IyfcMAjTvSiGIHhV1_NfgCLcB/s320/2009CC5582_2500.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Merode Cup; France 1400; Image from the Victoria and Albert Museum;<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O93263/the-merode-cup-cup-and-cover-unknown</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other items
might be decorated with valuable gems. In one description, small pearls are
described as <i>branlant</i>. This likely is
a substantival use of the present participle <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/branler">branler</a></b>, meaning 'to shake, tremble', and it is likely that the
pearls were suspended from the salt-cellar by gold rings, as is documented in
other similar items of the era (though this makes it the sole attestation of
the term in Anglo-Norman).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Item, ung
saliere d'or en façon d'un labourer portant un hotte et soy appuyant a ung
baston [...] et oudit [sic] baston de .xxix. perles plus menues, rondes et
blanches branlans <i>Bedford Inventories </i>210.B185<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>Item, a golden salt-cellar in the form of a
labourer carrying a basket and leaning on a staff, [...] and on the staff 29 smaller,
round and white hanging pearls.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another method
of decoration seems to have been the application of a pattern by hammering the
reverse side of metal. This embossing was referred to <i>martelé</i>, from the verb <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/marteler">marteler</a></b>,
meaning 'to hammer'. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Quote2"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Item ung haulte couppe d'or de la
façon d'Angleterre, martellé de grandes fuilles</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span class="source-whole"><i>Bedford Inventories</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">C3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>Item, a tall, gold cup, in the English fashion, embossed with large
leaves</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Several of the
words attested in the Bedford Inventories are used in English in the sixteenth
century as heraldic terms, however, the appear to have been used in these texts
to describe decorative techniques. One such style of decoration is <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/componn%C3%A9">componné</a></b>, called <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/37755">componé</a></b> or <i>compony</i>
in English. This refers to a decoration consisting of bands of alternating
colours, known as <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/compon">compon</a> </b>or <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/coupon">coupon</a></b>, frequently found on a border. This
technique is also known as <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/79619">gobony</a></b>, from the past participle of the Anglo-Norman verb <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/goboner">goboner</a></b>, meaning to cut into strips.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">deux chappes
orfraiez d'orfraiz, componnez de pers et blanc au fleurs de liz l'or et ung 'K'
couronné en broudeure <i>Bedford Inventories</i>
184.B3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>two copes, fringed with orphrey, with a
bordure compony of blue and white with gold fleur-de-lis and an embroidered,
crowned 'K']<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vnPPknNOCQI/V0QMQ1xS43I/AAAAAAAAFfY/f3uqscFlXWMtaOpwqFvvNT6LoXGrL2TygCKgB/s1600/John_Beaufort_Arms.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vnPPknNOCQI/V0QMQ1xS43I/AAAAAAAAFfY/f3uqscFlXWMtaOpwqFvvNT6LoXGrL2TygCKgB/s320/John_Beaufort_Arms.svg.png" width="291" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arms of Beaufort, with a bordure compony argent and azure</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/eschequet%C3%A9">Eschequeté</a></span></b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, is another word used during this period to describe
a decoration formed of a chequered pattern. This term is only attested once,
but the variant forms of <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chequet%C3%A9">chequeté</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chequer%C3%A9">chequeré</a></b> and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/eschequer%C3%A9">eschequeré</a></b> are more widely attested, describing a similar type of
decoration:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Item, une autre
chapelle de satin eschequeté <i>Bedford Inventories</i> 184.B3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>Item, another satin head covering of
chequered satin</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We can find one
of the variant forms in another text describing what is likely a very fine
outfit:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Quote2"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">brigandiers couvertez de rouge
velvet chequeté noire et blank</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span class="source-whole"><i>Reg Chich</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">ii 65<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>brigandines (a coat of mail) covered by red velvet chequered black and
white</i>]</span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Heraldic motifs
also seem to have been a popular type of decoration and decoration with coats
of arms seems to have been known as <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/armoierie">armoierie</a></b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Item, une autre
tunique et dalmatique de satin vert pour prelate, comme dessus, et orfraiez
tout a long avec l'estole et fanon sur champ d'or, a pluseurs armoieries
<i>Bedford Inventories</i> 191.B144<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>Item, another tunic and dalmatic
(=ecclesiastical vestments) of green satin for a prelate, as above, and
decorated with orphrey (=a gold-embroidered fringe) along its length, with the
stole and the maniple on a gold background, with several coats of arms</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JElsiOHiUco/V0QMRCFKfcI/AAAAAAAAFfk/aOfLPds_IjQoRU_OuDc_b9Wo2ZJc0py3gCKgB/s1600/armoierie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JElsiOHiUco/V0QMRCFKfcI/AAAAAAAAFfk/aOfLPds_IjQoRU_OuDc_b9Wo2ZJc0py3gCKgB/s320/armoierie.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Stole and maniple, linen embroidered with green, white, fawn and blue silks in long-armed cross-stitch with a design of heraldic shields in rectangular compartments with alternative green and fawn grounds. Dates from 1290-1340. Image from the Victoria and Albert Museum.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O130817/stole-and-maniple-unknown</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Numerous
decorative terms are highlighted in the AND through the addition of our
semantic tags, and these will only increase as we continue our revision! These
are but a few highlights of decorative terms found only in the Bedford
Inventories. This type of documentation is essential to our full understanding
of medieval life and the language used to describe it. Bedford is not the sole
extant medieval inventory, but many (non-royal examples) of this type of text
remain unedited in local archives. How might their identification and transcription
change how we perceive the Middle Ages in Britain and the use of Anglo-Norman
during this period?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2005%20Bedford.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The dictionary relies on the excellent edition found
in: </span><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Bedford Inventories: The Worldly Goods of John, Duke of
Bedford, Regent of France (1389-1435)</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, ed. J. Stratford, London,
1993. Complete with extensive notes and pictures, it's a fantastic look inside an
interesting text.</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2005%20Bedford.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA">Stratford suggests this cup may have
been emblazoned with the arms of Sir Thomas Erpingham:"vert an escutcheon
within an orle of eight marlets argent" p. 344.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-67676137505005125722016-04-18T10:41:00.000+01:002016-04-18T10:45:10.596+01:00Word of the Month: April showers<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">‘Sweete April showers,
Doo spring Maie flowers’<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2004%20Sweete%20April%20showers.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">From the late 16th
century, Brits appear to have hoped that poor weather in the month of April
would give way to sunnier days come May, though it’s likely that the sentiment
was first expressed much earlier than that.<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2004%20Sweete%20April%20showers.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> So
synonymous is the month of April with rainy weather that one Anglo-Norman
author it turned it into a verb, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/avriller[2]" target="_blank">avriller</a></b>,
with the express meaning of ‘to rain, be showery’!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Mon avril et ma violete, Moun pré de mai e ma florete [...] Et mes
rosiers quant il avrille Ma flor qui pur giel ne s’esmaie</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ross</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ANTS</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1880</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[<i>My April and my violets, My May meadow and my flower [...] And my
rosebushes when it rains, My flower which does not fear a frost</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-puWgKpN_-GE/VxSqvylkf-I/AAAAAAAAAgI/L_uu2ShygF8ciNDRAlLlTRMK5SDC_fjrwCK4B/s1600/BL%2BAdd%2B21114%2Bf.2v%2Bapril%2Bflowers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-puWgKpN_-GE/VxSqvylkf-I/AAAAAAAAAgI/L_uu2ShygF8ciNDRAlLlTRMK5SDC_fjrwCK4B/s640/BL%2BAdd%2B21114%2Bf.2v%2Bapril%2Bflowers.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image of a man holding flowers in April calendar BL Add 21114 fol. 2v</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There are no shortage
of Anglo-Norman terms to talk about inclement weather, which is perhaps unsurprising
in a language used in the British Isles!
The weather could be <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/anuius" target="_blank">anuius</a></b>
(‘cloudy’), <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/pluius" target="_blank">pluius</a></b> (‘rainy’) or <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/cuitus" target="_blank">cuitus</a></b> (‘stormy’; though normally an
adjective meaning ‘hasty’). The Latin word for storm, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">tempestas </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2004%20Sweete%20April%20showers.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">,
gave rise to a host of terms in Anglo-Norman to refer to bad weather. One could
refer to inclemency as a </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/destemprance" target="_blank">destemprance</a> </b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">(also
used in English in the form </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/55612" target="_blank">distemprance</a></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">) or as an </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/entempauns" target="_blank">entempauns</a></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">
or merely as a </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/tempeste" target="_blank">tempeste</a></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> (which
persists in English as </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/198906" target="_blank">tempest</a></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> and in French as </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/tempete" target="_blank">tempête</a></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">les maisons [...] abatuz par tempest de vent</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">GAUNT</span></span><span class="super"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ii 177<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(<i>the houses [...] knocked over by a wind storm</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">So great was the rain
that one could simply use the word for river, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/flueve" target="_blank">flueve</a></b>, to refer to the weather! The most frequently used terms for
rain though are those that continue to be found in Modern French: <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/pluie" target="_blank">pluie</a></b><i> </i>and <i>pleuvoir </i>(<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/pluvoir" target="_blank">pluvoir</a></b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">E l’eir par venz e par fluvies</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="label"><span style="color: green; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(var.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: green; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="variant"><span style="color: green; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">par
pluie</span></span><span class="label"><span style="color: green; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">commovera</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Antecrist</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">113<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(<i>And the air will be shaken by wind and rain</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Along with the rain, comes
the wind! Anglo-Norman had multiple terms for wind, beyond the general term <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/vent[1]" target="_blank">vent</a></b>. These terms refer to specific
types of winds, generally in reference to the direction from whence they came
and are frequently adapted from the names of the Latin gods of the wind. Thus
the wind called <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/affricum" target="_blank">affricum</a></b> (i.e. from
Africa) is one from the south-west, the wind called <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/aquilon" target="_blank">aquilon</a></b> is from the north, after the god of the same name. An <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/austre" target="_blank">austre</a></b> is from the south, derived from
the Latin wind god <i>Auster</i>, while a <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/favonyn" target="_blank">favonyn</a></b>
is from the west. This last wind is derived from the Latin <i>Favonius</i>, which might be more familiar by its Greek name <i>Zephyrus</i>. This wind was believed to
bring the spring. (<b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68688" target="_blank">Favonian</a> </b>is also
used in English but was borrowed from Latin in the seventeenth
century.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Atant lur vynt de le occident un vent favonyn</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fouke</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ANTS</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">43.9<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(<i>Then a Favonian/westerly wind came to them
from the west</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nZqM6JNJI_w/VxSrML_cF3I/AAAAAAAAAgU/zLdFy1NMVMUO5Ti1TG5IcfljgvdKoxCXwCK4B/s1600/BL%2BRooyal%2B20.d.I%2Bf.%2B281%2Bstorm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nZqM6JNJI_w/VxSrML_cF3I/AAAAAAAAAgU/zLdFy1NMVMUO5Ti1TG5IcfljgvdKoxCXwCK4B/s640/BL%2BRooyal%2B20.d.I%2Bf.%2B281%2Bstorm.jpg" width="446" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Depiction of the winds BL Royal 20.D.1 f.281r</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Another wind, which is
the subject of a newly created entry in the AND, is called the <i>plovel</i>. Also known as the <i>plougol</i>, it derives from the Latin </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">pluvialis</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, that is, relating to rain,
thus is it the word given to a wind from the south(or west) believed to bring
the aforementioned April showers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Latin term </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">aura</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">,
meaning ‘favourable wind’ later developed the sense of ‘weather conditions’.
This word is etymologically related to the Anglo-Norman terms of <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/or[2]" target="_blank">or</a> </b>meaning ‘a gentle breeze, soft
wind’, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/or%C3%A91" target="_blank">oré</a> </b>meaning either a
favourable or a violent wind, as well <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/arc1" target="_blank">orage</a> </b>used as well to indicate a favourable wind or a violent wind storm.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">After the wind and rain
comes a rainbow, known as an <i>arc de ciel </i>or
an <i>arc en ciel</i> (see <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/arc[1]" target="_blank">arc 1</a></b>) (literally a ‘bow of the sky’;
Modern French uses <b><a href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/arc-en-ciel" target="_blank">arc-en-ciel</a></b>). The
phenomenon was also called <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/iris" target="_blank">iris</a></b>,
after the Latin goddess who personified the rainbow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Yrim l’arc del cel apelom Que nus contre pluie veum; Pur ço ad num
yris la pere </span></span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lapid</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">245.1281<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(We call iris ‘rainbow’ which we
see against the rain; this is why we call the stone iris</span></i></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (a variety of quartz which displays the colours of
the rainbow))</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y0u77rZ4SGU/VxSrXdnI3SI/AAAAAAAAAgc/8LBcjxkvUekaPnfuXWADXjpEbPlxJ85VACK4B/s1600/BL%2BAdd%2B38842%2Bf.1%2Brainbow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y0u77rZ4SGU/VxSrXdnI3SI/AAAAAAAAAgc/8LBcjxkvUekaPnfuXWADXjpEbPlxJ85VACK4B/s640/BL%2BAdd%2B38842%2Bf.1%2Brainbow.jpg" width="436" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rainbow BL Add. 38842 f.1r</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hopefully as we get
closer to May we will see the weather begin to <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/enbelir" target="_blank">enbelir</a></b>, that is, to become more beautiful and give way to <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/clerseie" target="_blank">clerseie</a> </b>(‘clear weather’). Perhaps
then we will see the ground <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/asolailer" target="_blank">asolailer</a> </b>(‘to
dry in the sun’) and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/enflurir" target="_blank">enflurir</a></b> (‘to
bring forth flowers’) and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/reflurir" target="_blank">reflurir</a> </b> (‘to flourish anew’). Hopefully this spring
will also bring the editors, working on the revision of P, their first
attestation of the word <i>printemps</i>,
that is, ‘Spring’, as this form is currently absent from the dictionary!<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2004%20Sweete%20April%20showers.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2004%20Sweete%20April%20showers.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> Thomass Tusser, <i>Five hundred pointes of good husbandrie</i>.
Eds. S.J.H. Herrtage and W. Payne. London: English Dialect Society, 1878,<i> </i>p.103.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2004%20Sweete%20April%20showers.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> Chaucer began <i>The Canterbury Tales</i> invoking the
showery weather of April, ‘When that Aprill with his shoures soote...’. <i>The
Riverside Chaucer</i> traces the origins of this topos in Romance literature
and parallels in other works (Third Edition (1988), p. 799).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2004%20Sweete%20April%20showers.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">We will
continue to give page reference for DMLBS headwords in the AND, the dictionary is
now available via </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><a href="http://www.logeion.uchicago.edu/"><span lang="EN-CA">www.logeion.uchicago.edu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> where is
is possible to search by headword.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2004%20Sweete%20April%20showers.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
<i>Printens </i>is attested from 1164
in Old French [DEAF <b>prim </b>(<b>printens</b>)] but no Anglo-Norman citation using the word has been found.
However, as it is attested in Middle English, under the form <b><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED34640" target="_blank">prime-temps</a></b> from 1425, it
would suggest that the term was likely in use in England. There was another way
to refer to Spring in Anglo-Norman using the term <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ver1" target="_blank">ver</a></b>. This term will be familiar to
speakers of Italian and Spanish, where <i>primavera </i>is used to denote the season.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-61296189616314299102016-02-22T10:00:00.001+00:002016-02-22T14:52:12.545+00:00Word of the Month: Purple<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">As the editors of the AND work their way towards the end of
the revision of the letter ‘P’, one of the entries being rewritten is that of
the colour <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/purpre" target="_blank">purpre</a></b>, that is, ‘purple’<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2002%20Purple.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Defining what that means is trickier than it first appears, as is often the
case with colour words. Is purple a colour in the pink/red family or is it a
shade of blue? To further complicate matters, there are in fact numerous words
used in Anglo-Norman to refer to different shades of purple, some of which we’ll
look at here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yOgjNZ3bmFs/VsMceQoSZoI/AAAAAAAAAeE/JYQ7B3m6H_Y/s1600/purple.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="106" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yOgjNZ3bmFs/VsMceQoSZoI/AAAAAAAAAeE/JYQ7B3m6H_Y/s320/purple.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Purpre</span></i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> derives from the
Latin <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">purpura [DMLBS 2584c]</span>, and
doesn’t refer always to the colour we now know as purple. Originally, the term
referred to the shade of dye obtained from a sea snail, which was a variable
crimson or reddish shade, which is also known as Tyrian purple. The blue-purple
colour found in medieval manuscripts is often plant based, normally from the
plant known as turnsole though this colour was also created using a variety of
other plants and berries.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2002%20Purple.docx#_ftn2" title="">[2]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2002%20Purple.docx#_ftn2" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The first edition of the AND only lists one citation using
the word as a colour adjective, implying that its sense was evident. This will certainly
be remedied by the current revision, and the new entry will give a better idea
of the scope of the use of the adjective. As a substantive <i>purpre</i> is used in Anglo-Norman to refer to the colour as well as,
specifically, to purple cloth, often in reference to imperial robes. Purple
cloth and dye were particularly costly and became associated, from Roman times,
with the emperor, the pope and royalty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_ua09jZG7YY/VsMd-NHwD8I/AAAAAAAAAeQ/5gsCLhHFXBs/s1600/Add.%2B42555%2B17%2Bemperor%2Bvespasian.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_ua09jZG7YY/VsMd-NHwD8I/AAAAAAAAAeQ/5gsCLhHFXBs/s640/Add.%2B42555%2B17%2Bemperor%2Bvespasian.jpg" width="435" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BL Add. 4255 f.17 Image of emperor Vespasian</td></tr>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Purpre</span></i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> was also used to
designate the purple colour used in heraldry, a term that continues in use
today in English in the form <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/154990" target="_blank">purpure</a></b>. The colour was used, for example, by Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln on his arms
as described in the Falkirk Roll: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Henry de Lacy, counte de Nichole, chevetaigne de la premier
bataille, porte d’or ou ung leoun rampaund de purpure <i>Eight Rolls</i> 86.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(Henry de Lacy, count of
Lincoln, knight of the first battle, carries or, a lion rampant purpure</span></i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Aq0U6-I4peo/VsMeYTd6ThI/AAAAAAAAAeU/g8J3-63iPyk/s1600/Lacy01.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Aq0U6-I4peo/VsMeYTd6ThI/AAAAAAAAAeU/g8J3-63iPyk/s1600/Lacy01.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;">These arms would be incorporated into those of Lincoln’s Inn,
one of the four Inns of Court in London.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">There are a number of derivations of the word purple in the
AND. <a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/purprin" target="_blank"><b>Purprin</b> </a>is used with the
meaning ‘crimson, purple’ and as a noun refer to a type of cloth. We also find
the related <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/purprie" target="_blank">purprie</a></b>, meaning
‘purple’ (which should perhaps be read as <i>purpri[n]e</i>?)
and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/purprine" target="_blank">purprine</a></b>, a type of cloth of that
colour. We also have the related <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/enpurpur%C3%A9" target="_blank">enpurpuré</a></b>,
meaning ‘made purple’. <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/155011" target="_blank">Purpurine</a></b> was also borrowed into Middle English and was used to refer to things
of a purple or scarlet colour, frequently in relation to cloth. <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/61432" target="_blank">Empurpled</a></b> is equally used
in English but is a post-medieval creation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">An unusual variant is the form <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/furfur%C3%A9" target="_blank">furfuré</a></b>, which is only attested once in an interesting
Anglo-Norman glossary of Arabic words from the beginning of the fourteenth
century:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="ar"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Anagales</span></span><span class="Quote1"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, che est une
herbe qui a .ij. flours, l'une a color rouge & l'autre furfuree</span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span class="source-whole"><i>Glossario arabo-francese</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">367.53<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(Anagales [i.e. pimpernel,
Anagallis], this is an herb which has two flowers, one red and one purple.</span></i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We also have a single attestation for the word <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/purpuresse" target="_blank">purpuresse</a></b>, meaning a woman who sells
purple cloth or dye. This word seems to have been created specifically in
reference to St Lydia of Thyatira in medieval biblical translations of Acts
16:14-15, as we see it used below in the Anglo-Norman Bible, and in equivalent
passages in English translations (see the OED <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/155055" target="_blank">purpuress</a></b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">une purpuresse de la citee des
Thiathiriens <i>Actes</i> 369va<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">(<i>A purple-dye seller of the city of the Thyatirans</i>)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MPunJj8yah4/VsMelyVf6JI/AAAAAAAAAeY/DkhsaiArjKg/s1600/Add%2B42160%2Bf.152v.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MPunJj8yah4/VsMelyVf6JI/AAAAAAAAAeY/DkhsaiArjKg/s640/Add%2B42160%2Bf.152v.jpg" width="438" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BL Add. 42160 f.152v showing a naked purple man</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%;">Purpre </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">isn’t the only
term you can use to refer to the colour in Anglo-Norman. We have the entry <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/violet[1]" target="_blank">violet</a></b> , which, however, currently doesn't list any attestations in reference to the colour rather than the plant from which the colour derives
its name. This is surprising as the term <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/223648" target="_blank">violet</a></b> is used in Middle English by the fourteenth century in reference
to this colour. It is likely we will add this to the dictionary when we come to
the revision of ‘V’! The colour is however attested in the entry for <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/viole[1]" target="_blank">viole</a></b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">amatiste, ke est [...] de culur medlee [...] De viole
e de rose</span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span class="source-whole"><i>Apoc</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">4238</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(amethyst, which is of a
mixed colour, of violet and pink</span></i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The word <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/garance" target="_blank">garance</a> </b>referred to the shade obtained by madder dye, a deep reddish purple, though our
citations show that this was considered closer to red than purple as it glossed
the Latin <i>rubea</i>, and was synonymous
with <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ruge" target="_blank">ruge</a></b><i> </i>(red) and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/vermeil" target="_blank">vermeil</a></b><i> </i>(<i>vermilion</i>):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Quote2"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">rubea: de varence, de vermayl, ruge</span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span class="source-whole"><i>TLL</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">136</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The words <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/inde[1]" target="_blank">inde</a> </b>and<b> <a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/yndois" target="_blank">yndois</a> </b>refer to the colour obtained by
the use of indigo, generally a purplish-blue colour. This appears to have been
a colour distinct both from <b><a href="http://azur/" target="_blank">azur</a></b> (‘blue,
azure’) and from <i>purpre.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote2"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">et ad le col tout jaune de la colour d’un oriel bien
luisant, et le dos de ynde, et les aeles de porpre colour</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mandeville</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">151<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>and it </i>(the
phoenix) <i>had a completely yellow neck,
the colour of a shining oriole and an indigo back and wings of a purple colour</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/jacintin" target="_blank">Jacintin</a></span></b><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> is also used to
refer to a purplish colour, in metonymy with the reddish blue, or purple colour
of the hyacinth. English <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/100482" target="_blank">jacinth</a></b> also referred to a blue-coloured stone, though in modern usage, it
refers to an orange gemstone. The Anglo-Norman context does not solve the
ambiguity as to which colour the term refers to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote2"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Le prince de prestres bien aparaillez, En l'estole
jacintine </span></span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rom Chev</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ANTS</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3843<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="source-whole"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>The prince of priests,
well dressed in a jacinth-coloured stole</i>)</span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We also find several uses of terms derived from the Gaelic
word for purple (<i>corcur</i>) in the AND. <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/415542" target="_blank">Cork</a></b> or <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/41558" target="_blank">corkir</a></b> is the English term used for a lichen from which one can derive a
reddish-purple dye, and appears as either <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/cork" target="_blank">cork</a>
</b>or <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/jarecork" target="_blank">jarecork</a></b> in Anglo-Norman. It
appears side by side with another species of lichen used to dye fabric purple, <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132312" target="_blank">orchil</a></b> in English:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ascun tiel drap, le quel puis mesme le fest serra
tinctez oveqz orchel ou cork appellez jarecork</span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span class="source-whole"><i>Stats</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">ii 487</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(any <i>such fabric, which once made will be dyed with
orchil or cork called jarcork</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oJsd3eiwD40/VsMexQUypWI/AAAAAAAAAeg/Ee2mjx7icQA/s1600/Royal%2B16%2BE%2BII%2Bf.%2B24v.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oJsd3eiwD40/VsMexQUypWI/AAAAAAAAAeg/Ee2mjx7icQA/s640/Royal%2B16%2BE%2BII%2Bf.%2B24v.jpg" width="392" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BL Royal 16 E.II f.24v showing a purple decoration</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">One final way to describe something purple in Anglo-Norman is
with the adjective <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/mur%C3%A9" target="_blank">muré</a></b>, referring
to the reddish-purple colour of mulberries or <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/mure[2]" target="_blank">mure</a></b>. Once again this term can equally be found in English, as <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/123961" target="_blank">murrey</a></b>, though it is used
primarily to refer to the colour in heraldic descriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Quote3"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pour une robe de samit rouge, pour une autre robe d'or
de Turquie en laquelle elle fu espousee, pour une autre robe de veluel gramsi,
pour un corset de tartais moret et pour une autre robe de tartais </span></span><span class="source-whole"><i><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Isabella Inventory</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">520<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>For a dress of red
samite, for another gold dress from Turkey in which she was married, for
another dress of crimson velvet, for a corset of mulberry tartarin and for
another tartarin robe</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">'Colour' is one of the new semantic tags that has been added to
AND definitions during the present revision and later this year users will be
able to search by this tag to discover all the Anglo-Norman words for a variety
of colours. There are currently 180 colour words in the AND just waiting to be
discovered.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">[HP]</span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2002%20Purple.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-CA"> While we now use the word <i>purple</i>
to describe the colour, the term <i>purpure</i>
is well attested in Middle English, as well as in Occitan, Catalan, Spanish,
Portuguese, Italian. Similar terms exist in the Germanic languages as well,
including Swedish, German and Dutch. See the etymological discussion in the OED
for the entries <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/154990" target="_blank">purpure</a> </b>and <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/154956" target="_blank">purple</a> </b>for a more developed discussion of the
dissimilation process which shifted the pronunciation of the word, in English,
from <i>purpure</i> to <i>purple</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2002%20Purple.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-CA"> For a description of Anglo-Norman colour recipes, see T. Hunt, 'Early Anglo-Norman receipts for colours',<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Journal of the Warburg and
Courtauld Institutes. </i>58 (1995), 203-209.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-29369642667818231832016-01-26T09:17:00.000+00:002016-01-28T16:48:29.739+00:00WoM: Anglo-Norman at the inn (Manières de Langage)<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Syre, ou pensez vous chivacher anoet?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Sire, a la prochene ville, si Dieu
plest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Sire, que l’apellez la prochyin ville?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Sire, l’apellent Oxone, verement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Ore, sire, ou serromes loggez quaunt
nous voignomes la?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Syre, a le Molyn sur le hope en la
rewe de Northyate est le meillour hostelle d’icelle ville come je suppose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>Man
Lang</i> ANTS 71.1-23)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>‘Sir,
where do you intend to ride tonight?’ – ‘Sir, to the next town, God permitting’
– ‘Sir, what do you call it, the next town?’ – ‘Sir, they call it Oxford, to be
sure’ [...] ‘Well, Sir, where will we stay when we get there?’ ‘Sir, at [the
inn with] the sign of the Mill in Northgate Street – it is, in my view, the
best hostel of this town’</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
genuine Anglo-Norman conversation between travellers sorting out their
accommodation for the night? Or is this a polite exchange between two itinerant
knights, excerpted from some epic romance? Perhaps, the setting of the scene
for a fabliaux? Then again, the somewhat
contrived nature of this innocuous dialogue may have a different ring of
familiarity, especially for those accustomed to the type of ‘could you tell me
the way to the station’ scenarios featured in numerous language teaching
courses. And this is precisely what this is: one of the many examples or model
dialogues, excerpted from an Anglo-Norman phrase-book – or <i>manière de langage</i> – that was compiled around 1415 by the Oxford
scholar William of Kingsmill, with the specific purpose of teaching French in
England.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Syr, moun maystre m’ad enseigné pur
escrire, enditer, acompter et fraunceys parler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Et que savez vous en fraunceys dire?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Sir, je say moun noun et moun corps
bien descrire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Ditez moy, qu’avez a noun?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– J’ay a noun Johan, boun enfant,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Beal et sage et
bien parlant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Engleys,
fraunceys et boun normand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(76.32-34 and 77.1-5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>‘Sir,
my teacher has taught me writing, composition, counting and speaking French’ –
‘And what can you say in French?’ – ‘Sir, I can say my name and describe the parts
of my body’ – ‘Tell me, what is your name?’ – ‘My name is John, good child /
Sweet and wise and talking well / In English, French and correct Norman’</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uJkCfnvkzUc/Vqc1MoGsErI/AAAAAAAAAdM/11S8ygAOdxI/s1600/Queen%2BMary%2BPsalter%2B-%2BRoyal%2BMS%2B2%2BB%2BVII%252C%2Bf.%2B223v.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uJkCfnvkzUc/Vqc1MoGsErI/AAAAAAAAAdM/11S8ygAOdxI/s400/Queen%2BMary%2BPsalter%2B-%2BRoyal%2BMS%2B2%2BB%2BVII%252C%2Bf.%2B223v.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Queen Mary Psalter, Royal MS 2 B VII, f. 223v)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
briefly put this phrase book into context, the turn of the fifteenth century in
England saw a growing effort in producing didactic manuals on how to learn
French correctly. The precise nature and development of four centuries of Anglo-Norman
language acquisition in England remains a subject that needs further
investigation,<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
but we do get some insights from the great number and variety of instruction
materials that have survived, especially from the later period. Walter of
Bibbesworth’s <i>Tretiz de language</i>,<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
although by the 15th century more than 150 years old, continued to circulate,
and became incorporated into <i>Femina</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> in
the first quarter of the fifteenth century. This influential treatise in verse
discusses correct (and often complex) Anglo-Norman vocabulary, with special
attention to homonyms, and provides Middle English translations for certain
words:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ouwe jaungle, jars (<i>gandre</i>) agroile<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ane (<i>enede</i>)
en mareis jaroile (<i>quekez</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mes il i ad jaroil (<i>quekine</i>) e garoile (<i>trappe</i>),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">La difference dire vous voile:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Li ane jaroile en rivere<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Si hom de falcoun la quere,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mes devant un vile en guere,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Afichom le garoil en tere<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bibb
roth</span> (G) 261-68)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>A
goose gaggles, a gander gabbles</i> <i>/ A
duck quacks in a marsh. / But there is ‘quacking’ and there is ‘palisade’, /
And I want to tell you the difference: / The duck quacks in a river / When
someone hunts it with a falcon / But in front of a city at war / We plant a
palisade in the ground</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7kcBFANTSG0/Vqc1MSOtVWI/AAAAAAAAAd0/ZwVgxPE3cOw/s1600/Bibs%2BBL%2BAddit.%2B46919%252C%2B2r%2B%25281325%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7kcBFANTSG0/Vqc1MSOtVWI/AAAAAAAAAd0/ZwVgxPE3cOw/s400/Bibs%2BBL%2BAddit.%2B46919%252C%2B2r%2B%25281325%2529.jpg" width="377" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(Bibbesworth's <i>Tretiz</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">BL Addit. 46919, 2r (1325))</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">From
the same period we get numerous <i>Nominalia</i>
or thematic glossaries which place Anglo-Norman words alongside their
translations in Middle English, Latin or even both:<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">L’apparayle pur charue:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chief et penoun / Heuede and fot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Manuel et tenoun / Handle and stile<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hay et oysiloun / Bem and reste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>Nom</i>
25.853-55)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>The
parts of a plough: plough-head and foot [...], handle and cross bar [...], beam
and ear [...]</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Just
as popular were different versions of the <i>Ars
Dictaminis</i>, ascribed to Thomas Sampson,<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> which
provided models for various types of letter writing – including many instances
of university students writing to their parents they have run out of finances:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[...] mez veraiment, pur mez despensez
money defaile, pur quel enchesone vous en pry de entieriez de moun coer que pur
solas de ma exhibicion queconque quantité de money pur cest present terme a
suffire, come y pleist a vostre volunté, vous me vuillez envoier [...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">samps</span><sup>1</sup>
422)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>[...]
but truly, because of my expenses I’m short of money, for which reason I beg
you, with all my heart, to please send me, for the relief of my allowance, any
quantity of money that would be agreeable to you to suffice me for the present
term [...]</i>)<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
see orthographical manuals<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
appearing and, in the first quarter of the fifteenth century, Anglo-Norman grammars
(or <i>Libri Donati</i>, named after the
Roman grammarian Aelius Donatus):<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amo, -as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">En l’endicative moed et en le tens
present: j’ayme, tu aymez, il ayme; pluraliter: nous aymons, vous aymez, ils
ayment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">En le pretert nient parfit: J’amoy ou
amay, tu amoiez [...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>Liber
Donati </i>10.85-89)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">Finally, we have the aforementioned model dialogues in Anglo-Norman, grouped together by Andres Kristol under the term </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">manières</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">de langage </i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">in his edition of the three main such texts.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">[8]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Written
between 1396 and 1415, these compilations teach Anglo-Norman through phrases
(e.g. ‘Sire, voulez vous manger ové nous?’ (‘Sir, do you want to dine with
us?’) (69.21), ‘Sire, bone noet vous doyne Dieu et boun repos’ (Sir, may God
give you a good night and much rest’) (69.29), or ‘Sire, quelez novelx de par
dela?’ (‘Sir, any news from over there?’) (70.5)) and by practical examples
from real-life situations (hiring a clerk, comforting a child, visiting a sick
friend, asking for the time, etc.). Their purpose, as stated in the
introduction of the earliest<i> Manière</i>,
is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 11.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d’apprendre a
parlere, bien sonere et parfitement escriere douce francés, q’est la plus beale
et la plus gracious langage [...]. Quare Dieux le fist si douce et amyable
princypalment au l’onore et louange de lui mesmes (3.8-13)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>to learn how to speak, pronounce well and
correctly write sweet French, which is the most beautiful and graceful language
[...] Because God made it so sweet and friendly, primarily to His own honour
and praise</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
richness of didactic materials gives us some interesting indications of the
state of Anglo-Norman around 1400. Firstly, it confirms that Anglo-Norman is by
now seen not so much as a native tongue, but more as a language needing instruction
and schooling: children learn it from their teacher, travellers consult their
phrase-book, and Middle English glosses or translations explain senses. It
seems that any association of the language with Continental French is seen as preferable,
with the English ecclesiastical author of the earliest <i>Manière </i>proud to point out that his French is ‘sicomme j’ai entendu
et appris es parties dela le mer’ (‘as I have heard it and learned it across
the water’) (45.17). The reader is perhaps reminded of Chaucer’s Prioress,
whose French, a century earlier, is described, perhaps with a hint of disapproval,
in the Prologue of the <i>Canterbury Tales </i>as
‘After the scole of Stratford atte Bower’ (l.125) rather than learned at Paris.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn9" title="">[9]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftn9" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pon_utHHAW8/Vqc1MyUKZPI/AAAAAAAAAdw/UHQsrDnPbb0/s1600/Grandes%2Bchroniques%2Bde%2BFrance%252C%2BCastres%252C%2Bbiblioth%25C3%25A8que%2Bmunicipale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="368" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pon_utHHAW8/Vqc1MyUKZPI/AAAAAAAAAdw/UHQsrDnPbb0/s400/Grandes%2Bchroniques%2Bde%2BFrance%252C%2BCastres%252C%2Bbiblioth%25C3%25A8que%2Bmunicipale.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Grandes chroniques de France, Castres, bibliothèque municipale)</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">At
the same time, however, the awareness of the insular identity of the language
remains strong: the 1415 <i>Manière</i> often
preserves a ‘typical’ Anglo-Norman spelling (for example, the use of the <i>-aun-</i> graphy in <i>avaunce</i> or <i>plaunte</i>) to
the extent that Kristol believes that the language is deliberately conservative
(p. xlv), and uses a French that is marked by English vocabulary, phrases and
semantics (for example, the verb <i>travailler</i>
in the sense of ‘to travel’ instead of ‘to work’ (733.9) or the use of <i>laisser</i> instead of <i>faire</i> in an expression like ‘lessez vostre garçoun venir’ (74.18)).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secondly,
and almost contradictory, these texts demonstrate the continuing strength of
Anglo-Norman in early fifteenth-century England: they confirm the need to speak
French in society, and describe a whole range of social circumstances in which this
language seems to be presented as the norm – not just as the language of high
society, law or international trade, but also as the <i>commune parlance</i> of the English market place, at inns, or even between
a baker and his apprentice or labourers on the field. However fanciful some of
these different scenes may be, they employ a type of Anglo-Norman that is often
vibrant and that, we may assume, attempts to be a representation of what must
have been everyday usage. Reading through Kristol’s edition, we inevitably get
a feeling that this is a <i>tranche de vie </i>of
Anglo-Norman as an animated, down to earth and colourful language – very
different from the register of romances or religious edification. Among other
things, these <i>Manières </i>provide ample
examples of how to curse or insult someone, sounding, at times, surprisingly
modern: ‘Alez decy, senglent fiz de putaigne’ (54.29), or ‘Ribaud, vous baserez
mon cuel’ (54.32). So much for French as ‘la plus beale et la plus gracious
langage’ (3.9-10). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YTklSUxXKPw/Vqc1ME0VO2I/AAAAAAAAAd4/w8_-c7rewiY/s1600/BL%2BRoyal%2B6%2BE%2BVII%2B%2B%2Bf.%2B514%2B.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YTklSUxXKPw/Vqc1ME0VO2I/AAAAAAAAAd4/w8_-c7rewiY/s400/BL%2BRoyal%2B6%2BE%2BVII%2B%2B%2Bf.%2B514%2B.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">BL, Royal 6 E VII f. 514)</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The three <i>Manières</i> are similar in contents, and one of the recurring
scenarios is how to use Anglo-Norman in the medieval inn: from how to order
food and drink, to how to ask for a room for the night, how to ask for the
bill, and how to chit-chat with the wife of the landlord. To return to our two
aforementioned travellers, who were arriving in Oxford:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[...] puis il vient a un hostel et dist
ainsi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Hostiler, hostiler!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Et l’autre lui respount a darrains tout
dedeignousement ainsi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Qu’est la?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Amys!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Donques vient l’ostiler et overt la port
et dist:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Hé, Janyn, estez vous la?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Oil dea, ne me poes tu veier? Quoi ne
m’as tu, paillart, respondu a la primer parole que je t’appelloi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Hé, beau sir, ne vous coruscé point,
quar vraiment se j’eusse scieu que vous eussez esté ci, je vous eusse venu a
primer foiz que vous hurtastez a port<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(9.27-32 and 10.1-13)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>[...]
then he arrives at an inn and says thus: ‘Landlord, landlord’. And the other eventually
answers him in an arrogant manner, like this: ‘Who’s there?’ – ‘A friend!’ Then
the landlord comes, and opens the door and says ‘Hey Mister, are you there?’ –
‘Yes, of course. Can’t you see me? Why on earth, you villain, didn’t you answer
me first time I called you?</i>’ [...] <i>–
‘Hey, dear Sir, don’t get upset; because, really, had I known that you were out
here, I would have come to you from the first time you knocked on the door’</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Hosteller, hosteller!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Sire, sire, je su cy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Purromez nous bien estre loggez
cyeyns?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Certes, mes moistres, vous estez
tresbien venuz tantostz.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(71.25-28)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>‘Landlord,
Landlord!’ – ‘Sire, here I am’ – ‘Can we find good lodgings in here?’ – ‘Certainly,
my lord, you are most welcome right now’</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Dame, avez vous de bon vin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Voire, sire, belcoup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Quel vin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Et blanc vin et vermail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– A combien?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– A sesze, a dousze, a dis, a uuyt, a
six, a quatre, a deux.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Et de foing et de avoine et des aultres
choses que nous apartient?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">–
Or, sire, vous averez assés<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(57.30-36, 58.1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>‘Madam,
have you got any good wine?’ – ‘Sure, Sir, plenty!’ – ‘Which wines?’ – ‘Both
white wine and red’ – ‘For how many?’ – ‘For 16, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2’ – ‘And
how about hay and oats and the other things that we need?’ – ‘Well, Sir, you
will have plenty’</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_-kKgqLDeuY/Vqc1Ly2AAkI/AAAAAAAAAdQ/UZYe31iH7PQ/s1600/14th%2Bcentury%252C%2BCodex%2B4182%252C%2BBiblioteca%2BCasanatense%252C%2BRome%252C%2BItaly.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_-kKgqLDeuY/Vqc1Ly2AAkI/AAAAAAAAAdQ/UZYe31iH7PQ/s400/14th%2Bcentury%252C%2BCodex%2B4182%252C%2BBiblioteca%2BCasanatense%252C%2BRome%252C%2BItaly.jpg" width="361" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Codex 4182, Biblioteca Casanatense, Rome, 14th century)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Ore, beele dame, qu’avrens a souper?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Sire, vous averez a soper viande
assez; mez ditez a moy si vous vuillez avoir vostre viande apparaillé cyeins ou
a le kewes?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Nonil, dame, en vostre cusyne demesne.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(73.17-20)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>‘Well,
lovely lady, what will we have for supper?’ – ‘Sir, you will have plenty of
food for supper; but tell me whether you want to have your meal prepared here
or at the cook’s place?’ – ‘No no, madam, in your own kitchen’</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Hostiller!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Syre?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Baillez cea de jettours et lessoms
compter combien nous avons a la chambre et combien a l’estable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(75.6-9)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>‘Landlord!’
– ‘Sir?’ – ‘Get out your counters, and let’s work out how much we owe for the
room and how much for the stable’</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Ore appellez la dame et emple le
hanape et bayllez nous a boire. Faytez nous avoir lez poumes rostez et mettez
de payn tosté a le feu que fra nostre beverache plus frek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Dame, bevez.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Sir, commencez<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Dame, pernez vostre hanap, par Diee.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">– Sire, non pas devant vous, si vous
plaist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(75.15-21)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(<i>‘Now
call the lady and fill the cups and bring us something to drink. Let us have
roasted apples and put toasted bread on the fire so that our drinking will be
more refreshing’ – ‘Madam, have a drink’ – ‘Sir, you begin’ – ‘Madam, take your
cup, for God’s sake’ – ‘Sir, not before you, if you please’</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XBCYeWjVbhs/Vqc1M7RlZ-I/AAAAAAAAAds/a5n5KeZFhqw/s1600/Taccuino%2BSanitatis%2B14th%2BC..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XBCYeWjVbhs/Vqc1M7RlZ-I/AAAAAAAAAds/a5n5KeZFhqw/s400/Taccuino%2BSanitatis%2B14th%2BC..jpg" width="356" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Taccuino Sanitatis 14th century)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">All
together, these <i>Manières de Langage</i>,
a rich and at times amusing source of everyday Anglo-Norman conversation,<i> </i>constitute a crucial linguistic text
base for the Anglo-Norman Dictionary, and it is no surprise that they are
currently cited more than 800 times from A to Z.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[GDW]</span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
See, for example, Richard Ingham, <i>The
Transmission of Anglo-Norman: Language History and Language Acquisition</i>,
LFAB 9, Amsterdam, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> AND sigla: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bibb ants, bibb roth (G), </span>and<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> bibb roth (T).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
AND siglum: <i>Fem<sup>2</sup></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
AND sigla: for example, <i>Fr Voc</i>,
<i>Gloss Bod</i> 730, <i>Gloss Tree and Bird</i>, <i>Nom</i>
and several texts in <i>TLL</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
AND sigla: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">samps</span><sup>1</sup>
and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">samps</span><sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
AND sigla: for example, <i>Anleitungsschriften</i>,<i> Orth Gall</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ants,</span><i> </i>and <i>Tract<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
AND sigla: <i>Barton</i>, <i>Barton</i><sup>2</sup>, <i>Donatus</i> and <i>Liber Donati</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
AND siglum: <i>Man Lang</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ants.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gtd/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2016%2001%20Manieres%20de%20langage.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
See William Rothwell, ‘Stratford Atte Bowe and Paris’, <i>Modern Language Review</i> 80 (1985), 39-54.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-10878582936895118062015-12-18T15:39:00.000+00:002016-01-06T16:42:48.115+00:00Christmas 2015: Anglo-Norman words overview<div class="MsoNormal">
2015 has been a turbulent year for the Anglo-Norman
Dictionary, with the unfortunate illness and extremely sad passing away of our
General Editor, Prof. David Trotter, last August.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Looking forward to a more positive 2016, the current AND
team, Dr. Heather Pagan and Dr. Geert De Wilde, would like to wish our readers a
Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oj-4DdQ9smg/VnQj-6Pml_I/AAAAAAAAAck/9LK7LVIGqgA/s1600/Ranworth%2BAntiphoner%252C%2Bfol%2B22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oj-4DdQ9smg/VnQj-6Pml_I/AAAAAAAAAck/9LK7LVIGqgA/s400/Ranworth%2BAntiphoner%252C%2Bfol%2B22.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(<span style="background-color: white;">Ranworth Antiphoner, fol 22, fifteenth century)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We will be back in January with new Anglo-Norman words of
the month, but in the meantime, here’s an overview of all the vocabulary we have
discussed on this blog so far, in the past 2 or 3 years. There might be one or two you’d
missed?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘alphabet’/’abc’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/alphabet-or-abc_5.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘nick’, nock’ and ‘notch’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/word-of-month-nick-nock-and-notch.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
The ‘Croes Naid’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/word-of-month-croes-naid.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘nuncheon’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/word-of-month-nuncheon.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘monoceros’ and ‘unicorn’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/word-of-month-monoceros-and-unicorn.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘havegooday’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/word-of-month-havegooday.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘organe’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/word-of-month-organe.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘noef’ and ‘novel’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/words-of-month-noef-novel.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Anglo-Norman sweetmeats -<a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/anglo-norman-sweetmeats.html" target="_blank"> link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘lunage’, ‘lunetus’ and ‘lunatic’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/in-anglo-norman-prose-lapidary-from.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘locust’ and ‘lobster’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/locusts-and-lobsters.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘ongler’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/word-of-month-ongler.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘quyne’ the ‘evil monkey’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/word-of-month-quyne-evil-monkey.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-60OYbtVihZc/VnQj-9FUvGI/AAAAAAAAAco/Dgfba47vSHw/s1600/f821f89356968e79c19afaff202c9963.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-60OYbtVihZc/VnQj-9FUvGI/AAAAAAAAAco/Dgfba47vSHw/s400/f821f89356968e79c19afaff202c9963.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘herds’, ‘bevies’ and ‘sounders’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/word-of-month-herds-bevies-and-sounders.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘ombre’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/a-new-word-of-month-to-announce-that.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘outremer’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/08/word-of-month-outremer.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘nice’, an Anglo-Norman insult - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/09/word-of-month-nice-anglo-norman-insult.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anglo-Norman chess terminology - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/10/word-of-month-anglo-norman-chess.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘gagging, ‘queasy’ and ‘squeamish’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/11/word-of-month-gagging-queasy-and.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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‘fitonesse’ -<a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/word-of-month-fitonesse.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘pedigree’, ‘pé de colum’ and ‘péage’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/words-of-month-pedigree-pe-de-colum-and.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘fitchews’ and ‘mitching’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/word-of-month-fitchews-and-mitching.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘pie’ and ‘pastry’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/word-of-month-pie.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘penthouse’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/word-of-month-penthouse.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘giggling’, ‘jigg(l)ing’ ‘gigolo’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/words-of-month-giggling-jiggling-gigolos.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘parker’, ‘paliser’ and ‘parchementer’, Anglo-Norman
surnames - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/words-of-month-parker-paliser.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
The Anglo-Norman horse (part 1) - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/07/word-of-month-anglo-norman-horse-part-1.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
‘predire’ and ‘prediction’ - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/word-of-month-predire.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
The Anglo-Norman horse (part 2): horsemanship - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/10/word-of-month-horsemanship-anglo-norman.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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‘lit’ and the Anglo-Norman bed - <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/word-of-month-lit.html" target="_blank">link</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QDzJoJwxbco/VnQj-13jcKI/AAAAAAAAAcs/bx7Z7xPt2cA/s1600/creative-cristmas-tree-56__605.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QDzJoJwxbco/VnQj-13jcKI/AAAAAAAAAcs/bx7Z7xPt2cA/s400/creative-cristmas-tree-56__605.jpg" width="263" /></a></div>
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After the festive break, work will continue on the revision of P-, which we hope to publish online by the end of 2016.</div>
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<o:p><span class="source-whole" siglum="Rot_Parl1" style="color: maroon; line-height: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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[gdw/hp]<o:p></o:p></div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-27881292497767040652015-11-30T14:15:00.000+00:002015-11-30T14:16:38.375+00:00Word of the Month: Lit<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The recent windy Welsh
weather has certainly made staying in bed an attractive proposition this week!
That got us wondering about what the Anglo-Norman Dictionary could tell us
about where people slept in the Middle Ages. Beds and bedding aren’t normally
things that are described in the types of sources the AND used – there's never much
discussion of home furnishings in literary texts or in administrative
documents. Two other types of texts do provide some clues about medieval beds:
inventories and wills. These tend to be related to wealthy individuals, so the
goods described certainly wouldn’t be typical for the average medieval person.
They do provide an interesting glimpse at how the 1% of the population furnished
their bedrooms during this period!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qT8wg1_Gfjc/VlxYvtkPbmI/AAAAAAAAAb8/FVKZdHfVVpw/s1600/%25E2%2580%2598Talbot%2BShrewsbury%2Bbook%25E2%2580%2599%252C%2BRouen%2B1444-1445.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="292" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qT8wg1_Gfjc/VlxYvtkPbmI/AAAAAAAAAb8/FVKZdHfVVpw/s400/%25E2%2580%2598Talbot%2BShrewsbury%2Bbook%25E2%2580%2599%252C%2BRouen%2B1444-1445.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Talbot Shrewsbury Book</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The bedroom was known
as the <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chambre[1]" target="_blank">chambre</a><span id="goog_779905168"></span><span id="goog_779905169"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a></b>, from
whence we get the Modern English <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/30330" target="_blank">chamber</a></b>, though you can occasionally find the word <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/closet" target="_blank">closet</a> </b>used in Anglo-Norman (and in Middle <a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/34625" target="_blank">English</a>) to
refer to a private room:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tapitz pour la chambre, cuissiens,
closet, oreillers <i>Test Ebor</i> i 229<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2011%20Lit.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[<i>carpets
for the bedchamber, cushions, closet, pillows</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This room seems quite
luxurious, with <i>cuissiens</i>, a variant
spelling of <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/cussin" target="_blank">cussin</a></b>. As we
have noted in that entry, this word derives from the Latin word <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">coxa</span>, which meant ‘hip’, suggesting that
these cushions were originally meant to support the hips or upper thighs. By the medieval period, <i>cussin</i> was used to refer to any type of bed-pillow or bolster. This
word was then borrowed into Middle English by 1361 where it would take the form
<b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/46257" target="_blank">cushion</a></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">If you wanted to rest your
head rather than your hips, you’d be looking for an <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/oreillier" target="_blank">oreillier</a></b>, which is literally a place for your ears (<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/oreille" target="_blank">oreille</a></b>). This term would become
synonymous with <i>cussin</i>, referring to
any sort of cushion or bolster. It would also develop a heraldic sense, which
would be borrowed into English as <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132396" target="_blank">oreille</a>
</b>meaning ‘a representaiton of a pillow or cushion used as a heraldic charge’. <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/143942" target="_blank">Pillow</a></b>, the most commonly used term in English for a place
to lay your head, derives from Old English. We were apparently very attached to
our traditional sleeping patterns!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">On top of our <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115103" target="_blank">mattress</a></b>, a term derived from
the Anglo-Norman <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/materas" target="_blank">materas</a></b>, which was
likely filled with <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/litere" target="_blank">litere</a>, </b>‘straw for
bedding’, we would find our bed linen, which was normally referred to as <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/drap" target="_blank">draps</a></b>, a generic term for fabric which,
in the plural, often referred to sheets on a bed. These were clearly valuable
items as one poor student, writing home to his parents, confessed that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">j’ay mys en gage lez
draps de mon lyt</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SAMPS</span></span><span class="super"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">402<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(I put in pledge (gave
as security) the sheets from my bed.)</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I’m not sure you could get a payday loan
with your bedsheets nowadays.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-P3C3hLawY8s/VlxY6h706KI/AAAAAAAAAcE/R31663hQMFk/s1600/British%2BLibrary%2BMS%2BROyal%2B20%2BC.III.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-P3C3hLawY8s/VlxY6h706KI/AAAAAAAAAcE/R31663hQMFk/s640/British%2BLibrary%2BMS%2BROyal%2B20%2BC.III.jpg" width="538" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BL MS Royal 20.C.III</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The assortment of sheets and cushions
for a bed were referred to as <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/apparail" target="_blank">apparail </a></b>from
which we have the modern equivalent of <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/9510" target="_blank">apparel</a></b>.
One can also find it referred to as <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/aurnement" target="_blank">aurnement</a>
</b>which might be more familiar to English speakers as <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/2713" target="_blank">adornament</a>:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">.i. tent bede de drap de baudekyn d’or, fait pour le gesyne de la royne,
ovec .ij. panes d’escharlet, furrez dez ermyns, ovec tout l’aparaille <i>Rot
Parl</i> iv 229<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>1
‘tentbed’</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2011%20Lit.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<i>of baudequin of cloth of gold, made for the queen’s lying-in with two covers of
scarlet furred with ermine, with all of the fittings</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Essential on these
windy days, the bedframe could be surrounded by <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/cortine" target="_blank">cortines</a></b>, known in English as <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/46176" target="_blank">curtains</a></b>.
On top of the bed would be a canopy (<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/celure" target="_blank">celure</a>
</b>or<b> <a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/canop%C3%A9" target="_blank">canopé</a></b>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">un grant lit […] avec le celure entiere, curtyns, quissyns, traversin,
tapitz, de tapiterie (<i>l.</i> tapicerie) , et tout entierment
l’autre apparaille <i>Black Prince</i> 230<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[<i>a great bed, with the entire
canopy, curtains, cushions, traversin (??), carpets tapestries and the entirety
of the other fittings]<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">les curtins del taffata blank <i>Test Ebor</i> i
231<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[<i>the white
taffeta curtains</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c7BAhvzVvnI/VlxZHu213II/AAAAAAAAAcM/VMuOa6AR2RM/s1600/Harley%2B4431.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c7BAhvzVvnI/VlxZHu213II/AAAAAAAAAcM/VMuOa6AR2RM/s640/Harley%2B4431.jpg" width="434" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BL MS Harley 4431</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The fabric of the bedcovers and curtains could be
quite luxurious and striking:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mon graunt lit de
camaca escheicé blank et rouge</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Test Ebor</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i 230<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>my large bed of camaca (a silk fabric) chequered white and red</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Quote1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mon grant lit de noir
velvet embroudé d’un compasse de ferrures et gratiers</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span class="source-whole"><i><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Test
Ebor</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="source-whole"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i 229<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>my large bed of black velvet embroidered
with a circular image of fetterlock and gratings] <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">un coverture
d’ermyn […] ovecque la coverchief de la suyte ensemble <i>Test Ebor</i> i
230<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[<i>a bedcover of ermine [...] with the coverlet
of the suite included</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">mon grant lit de drap d'or, de champ piers poudrés
des roses d'or mises sur pipes d'or <i>Test Ebor</i> i 227 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[<i>my large bed
of cloth of gold, with a blue background powdered with gold roses place on gold
piping</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Pour une chambre de drap
d’or lozengee des armes de France, d’Angleterre et de Brebant, c’est assavoir
coute pointe, chevetier, ciel, 8 quarreaux et 8 pecis(<i>l.</i> petis) tappis <i>Isabella
Inventory</i> 520<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[<i>For a bedchamber of cloth of gold with lozenges containing the arms of
France, England and Brabant, that is counterpane, trappings for the bed-head, 8
square cushions and 8 small carpets</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">The most essential of all
furnishings, especially with winter on the way, must be the <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chaufelit" target="_blank">chaufelit</a></b> or bedwarmer! Keep warm!<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2011%20Lit.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
citation is taken from the collection of wills from Yorkshire published in
three volumes by the Surtees Society, known as <i>Testamenta Eboracensia</i>. The first of these volumes can be consulted
on the AND website at </span><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/sources/"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.anglo-norman.net/sources/</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2011%20Lit.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA">Likely refers to the canopy of the
bed having a pitched rather than a flat roof.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-21674993495422721632015-10-30T09:44:00.000+00:002015-11-03T09:45:56.898+00:00Word of the Month: Horsemanship - The Anglo-Norman Horse (part 2)<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o_17e3MtT_U/Vjh9EuPsNxI/AAAAAAAAAbc/XT8o3fFI-GM/s1600/Roman%2Bdu%2BChevalier%2BTristan%2Bet%2Bde%2Bla%2Breine%2BYseult%2B%2528%25C3%25A9crit%2Bpar%2BGassien%2Bde%2BPoitiers%2529.%2B15th%2Bc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o_17e3MtT_U/Vjh9EuPsNxI/AAAAAAAAAbc/XT8o3fFI-GM/s400/Roman%2Bdu%2BChevalier%2BTristan%2Bet%2Bde%2Bla%2Breine%2BYseult%2B%2528%25C3%25A9crit%2Bpar%2BGassien%2Bde%2BPoitiers%2529.%2B15th%2Bc.jpg" width="276" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Tristan and Yseult in </span><i style="font-size: small;">Roman du Chevalier</i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> by Gassien de Poitiers, 15th Century) </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tristran i fet
Ysod mener <1140></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">E par la raigne la
senestre.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Caerdins li
chevauche a destre</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">E vount
d’envoisures plaidant;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">As paroles
entendent tant</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Qu’il laissent lor
chevaus turner <1145></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cele part qu’il volent
aler.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cel a Caerdin se
desraie</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">E l’Ysodt contre
lui s’arbroie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ele le fiert des
esperons</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[..]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Li palefrois avant
s’enpaint <1155></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">E il escrille a
l’abaiser</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">En un petit croser
evier - <i>Trist</i> 1140-56</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>Tristran took Yseut along with him, Holding
her rein as he rode on her left. Katherdin rode on her right, And they told
amusing tales as they went along. Such was their conversation That they let
their horses roam where they would. Katherdin’s mount wandered across And
Yseut’s reared up against it. She pricked it with her spurs [...] Her palfrey
plunged forward, And, as it touched the ground, it slid into a water-hole</i> -
translation by S. Gregory)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This instance of blundering horse-riding
in the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman romance of <i>Tristan and Yseut</i> causes an uncontrollable fit of laughter in
Yseut, who, to the horror of her brother Katherdin, jokes about the splashing
water touching her in places that Tristran hadn’t tried to reach yet ‘Ceste
aigue, que ci esclata, Sor mes cuisses main d’ome ne fist, Ne que Tristran
onques me quist’ (ll. 1193-96). The fragment of text breaks off here, and any
possible riposte by Tristran, a paragon of chivalry an<span style="background-color: white;">d <i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fin amour</span></i>,</span>
remains unrecorded.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">For last July’s word of the month I
started to look into the Anglo-Norman terminology of horses and horse-riding.
The subject matter turned out to be such a prolific one that I had to restrict my
overview to only the very general vocabulary for 'horse' (<i>cheval</i>, <i>horse</i>, <i>estalon</i>, <i>stot</i>, <i>ive</i>, <i>jument</i>, <i>poutrel</i>, p<i>ulain</i>, <i>hakeney</i>, <i>palefrei</i>,<i> sambuer </i>etc.) and 'horse-riding (<i>chevalcher</i>); see <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2015_07_01_archive.html" target="_blank">here</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Rp_02chlUjE/Vjh9EiBFDaI/AAAAAAAAAbo/8eNnQ5zwhZs/s1600/The%2BLuttrell%2BPsalter%252C%2BBritish%2BLibrary%2BAdd%2BMS%2B42130%2B%2528medieval%2Bmanuscript%252C1325-1340%2529%252C%2Bf41r.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Rp_02chlUjE/Vjh9EiBFDaI/AAAAAAAAAbo/8eNnQ5zwhZs/s320/The%2BLuttrell%2BPsalter%252C%2BBritish%2BLibrary%2BAdd%2BMS%2B42130%2B%2528medieval%2Bmanuscript%252C1325-1340%2529%252C%2Bf41r.jpg" width="229" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">(The Luttrell Psalter, BL Add. 42130, f.41r, 1325-40)</span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">For this month’s blog, I’d like to
return to the equine world, and have a look at some of the Anglo-Norman terminology on the subject of horse-riding. And the rather amusing passage cited above brings together a fine group of
words relevant for the purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Firstly, there's the verb <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chevalcher" target="_blank">chevaucher/chevalcher</a></b> (line 1142): 'to
ride a horse'. As discussed in the previous blogpost, this is a verbal
derivation of the noun <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/cheval" target="_blank">cheval</a></b>, with
the <i>-auch/-alch</i> part a reflex of the Latin
etymon <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">caballicare</span> (FEW 2,6a). The
term (literally 'to horse') is omnipresent in Anglo-Norman, as it is in
Continental French, but, consistent with the noun <b>cheval</b>, was never borrowed in English (except for some rare
late-medieval derivatives <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/31981" target="_blank">chivauchier</a></b>
for 'horse-rider', and <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/31428" target="_blank">chevachee</a></b> for
'an expedition on horseback')<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
The AND currently offers only two synonymous verbs, with <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chevaler2" target="_blank">chevaler<sup>2</sup></a></b> (a rare and even more direct verbal derivation
of the noun) and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/guier" target="_blank">guier</a></b> (a general
term for 'to guide, steer, direct'<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>).<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-klsNk6I6pE0/Vjh9D5-MWDI/AAAAAAAAAbw/IZdELiAiXoM/s1600/Chroniques%2BJean%2BFroissart%2BGallica%252C%2BBN%2BFran%25C3%25A7ais%2B2643.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-klsNk6I6pE0/Vjh9D5-MWDI/AAAAAAAAAbw/IZdELiAiXoM/s400/Chroniques%2BJean%2BFroissart%2BGallica%252C%2BBN%2BFran%25C3%25A7ais%2B2643.jpg" width="242" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(<i>Chroniques</i> Jean Froissart Gallica, BN Français 2643 (detail), 15th century)</span></div>
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Yseut and her company ride in relaxed
conversation, on horses that were probably <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/amblant" target="_blank">amblant</a>
</b>('walking, ambling' from Latin <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ambulare<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> -
one of the few words discussed in this post that were also used with the same
sense in English<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>).
Another verb used for the same type of relaxed riding is <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/hobeler2" target="_blank">hobeler<sup>2</sup></a></b>, from an intensive form the Germanic root <i>hobben</i><b> </b>('to bounce', FEW 16,215a). The word is also attested in Middle
English as <b><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED20920" target="_blank">hobelen</a></b> ('to rock') but, apparently, without the equine sense. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Quote1">'[...] Li destrers</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="Quote1"> neir ke il sist desure [...]; Par la plaine vait hobelant Vers la
cité'</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> ˗ <span class="source-whole"><i>Ipom</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">BFR</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">9322<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>[...] The black
charger on which he sits [...] He rides, ambling over the plain, towards the
city</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">For a trotting horse, moving slightly
faster (although the verb covers a range of speeds), Anglo-Norman uses the verbs
<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/troter" target="_blank">troter</a></b> (from a Germanic etymon
*trotton, 'to run'<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
appearing in English from the second half of the fourteenth century) and </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 18.6667px;"><b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ungler" target="_blank">ungler</a></b></span><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (a word previously discussed on this blog <a href="http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/word-of-month-ongler.html" target="_blank">here</a>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="apple-converted-space">'</span><span class="Quote1">Busuin fait
vielle trother'</span> - <span class="source-whole"><i>Prov Serl</i></span><span class="super"><sup>2</sup></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">4.32</span>.<span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>Necessity makes an old horse trot</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">An even faster gait would have been </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 18.6667px;"><b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/galoper" target="_blank">galoper</a> </b></span><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(also from a Germanic root:
possibly the compound *wala hlaupan, 'to jump well'</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">),</span></span><b style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </b><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">or </span></span><b style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/coure1" target="_blank">coure<sup>1</sup></a> </b><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">('to run', from Latin </span></span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">currere</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)
</span></span><b style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/galop" target="_blank">les galops</a></b><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Anglo-Norman has a
number of expressions (</span></span><b style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/galop" target="_blank">les grans galops</a>,
<a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/galop" target="_blank">les menus galops</a>, <a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/galop" target="_blank">les petits galops</a></b><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">), which must have indicated different
types running (including a canter and a trot), but which did not persist in
English (where the word </span></span><b style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/76345" target="_blank">gallop</a></b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> itself wasn't attested before the sixteenth century).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Quote1">'Les galops
vient avant sur son cheval flory'</span> - <span class="source-whole"><i>Rom Chev</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">ANTS 1961<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>He advanced at a gallop on his glorious
horse</i>)<span style="color: maroon;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aR44LiJ6GAo/Vjh9D_tmiII/AAAAAAAAAbk/tNLbnVIiPjw/s1600/BNF%2BFran%25C3%25A7ais%2B343%252C%2BQueste%2Bdel%2BSaint%2BGraal%252C%2BTristan%2Bde%2BL%25C3%25A9onois%252C%2Bf%2B49v.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aR44LiJ6GAo/Vjh9D_tmiII/AAAAAAAAAbk/tNLbnVIiPjw/s400/BNF%2BFran%25C3%25A7ais%2B343%252C%2BQueste%2Bdel%2BSaint%2BGraal%252C%2BTristan%2Bde%2BL%25C3%25A9onois%252C%2Bf%2B49v.jpg" width="381" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(BN, Français 343, <i>Queste del Saint Graal</i>, f. 49v, c.1385)</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When Yseut loses control of her horse,
she pricks it with her spurs, and the phrase used is <i>ferir des esperons </i>(l.1149): literally, 'to strike' (<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ferir1" target="_blank">ferir<sup>1</sup></a></b>) with 'spurs' (<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/esporon" target="_blank">esporon</a></b>)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Anglo-Norman has a generous number of cognate periphrastic expressions for this
particular action, using a variety of verbs that must have expressed the different
levels of force applied: <i>hurter des
esporons</i> (with the verb <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/hurter" target="_blank">hurter</a></b>
related to modern English <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/89622" target="_blank">to hurt</a></b>,
but only in its original sense of 'to strike');<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
somewhat more softly in <i>tucher des
esporons</i> ('to touch'); but more vigorously again in <i>brocher as esporons<b> </b></i>(<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/brocher" target="_blank">brocher</a></b>, 'to prick, prod'); more
painfully perhaps with <i>ficher des esporons </i>(<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ficher" target="_blank">ficher</a></b>, 'to fix, fasten', but also 'to
drive in, pierce'), and <i>poindre des
esporons</i> (<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/poindre" target="_blank">poindre</a></b>, 'to prick,
sting'); and almost viciously in <i>arguer
des esporons </i>(<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/arguer" target="_blank">arguer</a></b>, 'to
oppress, afflict' and related to Modern English<a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/10656" target="_blank"> <b>to argue</b></a>). Once more, almost none of these verbs, even though most
of them moved into the English language ('to hurt', 'to touch', 'to fix',
archai<span style="background-color: white;">c <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">'to poin',</span> </span>'to
argue')<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
were ever used in the same equine context.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn12" title="">[12]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn12" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The noun <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/esporon" target="_blank">esporon</a></b>,
also produced a direct verbal form <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/esporoner2" target="_blank">esporoner<sup>2</sup></a></b>:
'lur chevals <span style="color: red;">espurunent</span>', FANT OUP 316. And
the aforementioned verbs <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/poindre" target="_blank">poindre</a> </b>('to
prick, sting')<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and
<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/brocher" target="_blank">brocher</a> </b>('to prick, prod')<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
were also used non-periphrastically: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'Ipomedon venir le veit, Vers lui <span style="color: red;">point</span> le cheval tut dreit' ˗<i> Ipom
</i>BFR 6190<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>Ipomedon
saw him coming, and spurred his horse straight towards him</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Quote1">'Abessent les espiés e </span><span class="Quote1"><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">brochent</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="Quote1">les brandis</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="Quote1">'</span> ˗ <span class="source-whole"><i>Rom Chev</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">ANTS</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">7416<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>They lower their
swords and spur their spirited horses</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Furthermore, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/poindre" target="_blank">poindre</a></b>'s
present participle form, <i>poignant</i>, used
as an adjective acquired the specific sense of 'at a gallop' or 'hastily':<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'Mes les Alemans
venent donc <span style="color: red;">poynant</span>' ˗ <i>Boeve</i> 2337</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>But the Germans then arrived at a gallop</i>)</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vjna5w1mVAQ/Vjh9D6yk1aI/AAAAAAAAAbg/Akce1ehLDN0/s1600/BL%252C%2BStowe%2B17%252C%2Bdetail%2Bof%2B153v%252C%2B%25E2%2580%2598The%2BMaastricht%2BHours%25E2%2580%2599%252C%2B1st%2Bquarter%2Bof%2Bthe%2B14th%2Bcentury.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vjna5w1mVAQ/Vjh9D6yk1aI/AAAAAAAAAbg/Akce1ehLDN0/s400/BL%252C%2BStowe%2B17%252C%2Bdetail%2Bof%2B153v%252C%2B%25E2%2580%2598The%2BMaastricht%2BHours%25E2%2580%2599%252C%2B1st%2Bquarter%2Bof%2Bthe%2B14th%2Bcentury.jpg" width="387" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(BL, Stowe 17, detail of f. 153v, ‘The Maastricht Hours’, 1st quarter of the 14th century)</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Not surprisingly, the adjective <i>poignant </i>also developed a range of figurative uses in Anglo-Norman (e.g.
'par dures
et <span style="color: red;">poignantes</span> penancez' <i>Sz Med</i> 107.19)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
and it is mainly as such that the word gets borrowed in Middle English (MED <b><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED33855" target="_blank">poinaunt</a></b>, '(of a sauce) piquant' and
'of a state of feeling) distressing'; and OED <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/146586" target="_blank">poignant</a></b>, 'arousing or expressing deep emotion', first attested at
the end of the fourteenth century in Chaucer's <i>Canterbury Tales</i>). The horse-related sense is not attested in
English.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lastly, Anglo-Norman
also uses the less common verb </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 18.6667px;"><b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/cuiter" target="_blank">cuiter</a></b></span><b style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;">('to
urge, compel')</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;">
to refer to the spurring of a horse:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Quote1">Sun chasceor</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="Quote1"> a tant cuté
Que sanglant en sunt li costé</span> ˗ <span class="source-whole"><i>Waldef</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">BB</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">6655</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>He has
spurred his hunting horse until its sides were bloody</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">together with the
expression using the cognate noun, <i>a
cuite d'esporon</i> ('with urging by the spurs, spurring hard', sub <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/cuite" target="_blank">cuite</a></b>): <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Quote1">'Le messager […] vint a
Hamtone a coste de esperun'</span> ˗ <span class="source-whole"><i>Boeve</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="source-whole">109<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="source-whole"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>The messenger arrives at Hampton at a gallop</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="source-whole"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the case of Yseut,
she spurs her <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/palefrei" target="_blank">palefrei</a></b> (line 1154, cf.
previous WoM) when it is rearing its legs (line 1148, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/arbrer1" target="_blank">s'arbrer</a> </b>- a verb derived from <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">arbor</span>,
'tree', drawing an effective analogy with the branch-like shapes of the horse's
kicking legs).</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="source-whole"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The horse becomes entirely uncontrollable (line 1148, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/desreier" target="_blank">se desreier</a></b>),</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="source-whole"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and the result is that the animal rushes forwards (line 1154<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/empeindre1" target="_blank">s'empeindre avant</a></b>), slips and splashes into a ditch. Yseult takes the involuntary
shower of water lightly, but the <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/mareschal" target="_blank">mareschal</a></b>
or <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/gar%C3%A7un" target="_blank">garçun</a></b> back at the <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/estable1" target="_blank">estable</a></b> may have been less
impressed with the state of the horse, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/eschif" target="_blank">eschif</a>
</b>and without<b> <a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/deboneiret%C3%A9" target="_blank">deboneireté</a></b>, having
to <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/torcher" target="_blank">torcher</a> </b>the wet skin with their <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/strile" target="_blank">strile</a></b>, and taking off the
mud-splattered </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/huce1" target="_blank">huce</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,
<b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/sele1" target="_blank">sele</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/lormerie1" target="_blank">lormerie</a></b> and <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/panelloun" target="_blank">panelloun</a></b>. But the discussion of these
words will have to wait for another time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[GDW]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Earliest attestations for these uncommon words are 1420 and c.1380
respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Just like English <b><a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/82307" target="_blank">guide v.</a></b>
from Germanic *witan (FEW 17,600b).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
FEW 24,425a.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Cf. OED <a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/6181" target="_blank"><b>amble v</b>.</a>: 'Of a horse, mule, etc.: To move
by lifting the two feet on one side together, alternately with the two feet on
the other; hence, to move at a smooth or easy pace', first attested in Chaucer.</span><span style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
See AND <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/destrer1" target="_blank">destrer<sup>1</sup></a></b>.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
FEW 17,371b.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
FEW 17,484a.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
FEW 2,1565b.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The noun <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/esporon" target="_blank">esporon</a></b> comes from the
Germanic word for the same object: <i>*sporo
</i>(FEW 17,185b).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The etymology of Anglo-Norman <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/hurter" target="_blank">hurter</a> </b>remains unclear, and the FEW's
proposed Frankish origin (*hurt-, FEW 16,271b) was already questioned by the
OED in 1899. The DEAF prefers the reconstruction of *<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">urgitare,</span> an intensive form of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">urgere</span> ('to push') as an etymon, but is by no means
convinced (<b>hurter</b>, H732).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The verb <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ferir1" target="_blank">ferir<sup>1</sup></a></b>
(from Latin <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ferire</span>, FEW 3,465b),
though particularly common in Anglo-Norman, has no equivalent in English.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The only exception is <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/brocher" target="_blank">brocher</a></b>,
with its Middle English counterpart <b><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED6100" target="_blank">brochen</a></b>
also used to refer to the action of spurring horses (as well as, among other
things, putting meat on a skewer or tapping a barrel).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
From Latin <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pungere</span> (FEW
9,597a).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
From Latin <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">broccus </span>(FEW
1,547b).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The word 'brandif' is considered a spelling variant of <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/braidif" target="_blank">braidif</a></b>, defined in the AND as
'spirited horse'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The AND entry <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/poindre" target="_blank">poindre</a></b> is
currently under revision, together with the rest of the P-entries. The second
edition of this part of the AND is planned to be published online towards the
end of 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
From the reconstructed Latin verb <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">*coctare</span>
(FEW 2,830b).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
A type of horse, cf. <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/chaceur" target="_blank">chaceur</a></b>.
The term for 'hunter' was used not only with reference to a 'hunting horse',
but also as a gloss for the Latin word for 'ambler, trotter'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> FEW 25,89b and DMF <b><a href="http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/definition/arbroyer" target="_blank">arbroyer</a> </b>('to plant or decorate with
trees'). Anglo-Norman also has the synonyms <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/brandir" target="_blank">brandir</a></b> ('to brandish') and once again <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/ferir1" target="_blank">ferir<sup>1</sup></a>
</b>('to kick') for a horse bucking or rearing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Geert/Dropbox/01%20AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2010%20Horse%20(Part%202).docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
FEW <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">*arredare</span> 1,144b.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3401526995179966630.post-37390168513334436142015-09-25T10:26:00.000+01:002015-09-25T10:50:18.852+01:00Word of the Month: Predire<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA">Do you ever wish you had a way to see into
the future, to see how events might play out? The editors at the AND would
certainly love to have this ability! As evidenced by a numerous medieval
writings, the desire to predict or foretell the future, or <b>predire</b> in Anglo-Norman, has been a longstanding wish of many.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA">Two of the most recent additions to the
Dictionary library are Tony Hunt’s </span><i><span lang="EN-CA">Writing
the Future: Prognostics Text of Medieval England</span></i><span lang="EN-CA">
</span><span lang="EN-CA">(</span><span lang="EN-CA">Textes littéraires du Moyen Âge
24, Paris, 2013</span><span lang="EN-CA">) and </span><span lang="EN-CA">Stefano
Rapisarda</span><span lang="EN-CA">’s</span><span lang="EN-CA"> <i>Manuali medievali di chiromanzia</i></span><span lang="EN-CA"> (</span><span lang="EN-CA">Biblioteca
Medievale 95, Rome, 2005</span><span lang="EN-CA">). Both of these books contain
editions of Anglo-Norman texts which could be used to tell the future – texts
to interpret the lines on hands, the meaning of dreams, the zodiac, the moon,
the stars...<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2009%20predire.docx#_ftn1" title="">[1]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2009%20predire.docx#_ftn1" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fSFQvh4vtEg/VgUP4onOKfI/AAAAAAAAAag/BjnSuTbBcno/s1600/Additional%2B11639.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fSFQvh4vtEg/VgUP4onOKfI/AAAAAAAAAag/BjnSuTbBcno/s640/Additional%2B11639.jpg" width="490" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Palmistry, BL Additional 11639, f. 115</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/lunarie[2]" target="_blank">Lunarie</a></span></b><span lang="EN-CA">, a term attested in another prognostic text edited by T. Hunt<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2009%20predire.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
refers to a ‘lunary’, a text that provides a collection of predictions based on
the day of the lunar month. These lunaries provide a wide range of very
practical predictions, including the best time for blood-letting, the fates of
children born on that day, the medical prognosis for those that are sick and
general statements about the day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA">The full moon falls on the 27<sup>th</sup>
this month, and the lunary in Oxford, Bodl. Libr. Ashmole 342 provides this
prediction for the first moon:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">La
prime lune est bone a comencer totes choses, vendre ou achater. Ki enmaladira,
ben eschapera e garra. L’enfant ke nestra serra de grant age. Le soynge turnera
a grant joye. Bon seigner fet de veyne. <b>Future</b>
</span></i><span lang="EN-CA">68<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA">[The first moon is good for beginning all
things, selling or buying. Those who will fall ill, will escape and recover.
The child who is born will live to a great age. Worry will turn to great joy.
Good bloodletting can happen from a vein.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA">While the many prose and verse lunaries do
not always agree on their predictions, most seem to agree that the first day of
the lunar cycle is a good day for new beginnings. So plan your weekend
accordingly!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA">Prognostic texts based on a combination of
the zodiac and the months of the year were also common, and provide information
on the fates of individuals born in certain months, under certain signs, with
different predictions for men and women (the predictions for women are much
shorter). So what is in store for the dictionary editors based on their birth
months?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Il
serra de ouel estature de cors. Il avera bel chevelure. En acune tens il avera
plenté e en autre tens defaute [...] Il avera le[s] dens large. Il espousera
treys femmys e le un irra de ly sans revenyr [...] Le[s] premere [en]fans que
il ad serrunt femmeles. Ky o ly mange ou beve il dirrent mal de ly e volenters
voylent combatre o ly. Quant il est de age de .xxiii. ans, une grant renoumé
avera [...] il vivera a l’age de .lxix. ans e il morra en autre tere de une
espeye ou de doulur de ventre en jour de mardy</span></i><span lang="EN-CA">. <b>Future </b>144<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA">[He will be of regular physical stature. He
will have beautiful hair. At some times he will have plenty and at other times
not enough. He will have large teeth. He will marry three women and one will
leave him without returning. The first children he will have will be female.
Those who eat or drink with him will speak ill of him and wish to fight him.
When he is 23 years old, he will be famous. He will live to the age of 69 and
will die in another land from a sword or a pain in the stomach on a Tuesday.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-CA">Ele
serra honuré. Ele avera fort corouce. [...] Ele serra sages. Un jour ele serra
seyn e une autre jour serra dolant. Ele avera treys barons e entre ly e la
premere serra grant corouce e grant changle e de le[s] deus ele avera fiz e
fillez. De ces que ele eyme ele eydera volenters. Ele avera descord entre ly e
sa veysyne. Ele morra en le jour de judy en dolur de la senestre coste</span></i><span lang="EN-CA"> <b><i>Future</i></b> 143<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-CA">[She will be honoured. She will have a
great anger. She will be wise. One day she will be healthy and another ailing.
She will have three husbands and between her and the first will be a great
anger and bickering and of the other two she will have sons and daughters.
Those whom she loves she will help voluntarily. There will be discord between
her and her neighbour. She will die a day in July of a pain the left rib.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA">A bit of a mixed bag for us both, though we
clearly need to line up more marital partners!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zgwneM0UDF4/VgUSbHyRfAI/AAAAAAAAAa8/SsWm2xOBukw/s1600/calendar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zgwneM0UDF4/VgUSbHyRfAI/AAAAAAAAAa8/SsWm2xOBukw/s640/calendar.jpg" width="457" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BL Arundel 377, fol. 5, Calendar page for September and October</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-CA">Another series of texts predicts future
events based on the day of the week the event or major holidays fall. For
example, the text in Oxford, Bodl. Libr. Digby 86 offers predictions based on
the day on which Christmas is celebrated. Christmas Day falls on a Friday this
year so,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-CA">Si
avient par venderdi, iver mervilous sera, ver bon, esté sech, [...], Aust sech.
Vendeinge bone et plentivous. [...] Chevalers cumbatrirount. Plenté de oille.
Noveles entres princes serount. Ouailles e boys perirount. Les vendredis de cel
an bon est de toutes choses comencer. <b>Future
</b></span></i><span lang="EN-CA">208<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA">[If it (=Christmas) occurs on a Friday, the
winter will be marvellous, spring good, summer dry, August dry. The harvest
will be good and plentiful. Knights will fight. Plenty of oil. There will be
news between the princes. Loss of sheep and wood. Fridays of this year will be
good for beginning things.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA">Next year looks like a promising year –
Fridays might be a good time to put into action some of the new plans we have
in store for the dictionary. The price of oil might go down, but we better not
buy any more sheep.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-idHZIZJ8_-s/VgURnKuXZtI/AAAAAAAAAa0/luAHh5XO1v0/s1600/volvelle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-idHZIZJ8_-s/VgURnKuXZtI/AAAAAAAAAa0/luAHh5XO1v0/s400/volvelle.jpg" width="388" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BL Egerton 2572, fol.51. Description from the BL: <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;">A volvelle, a device with a moveable disc rotating with a fixed matrix, the pointing moveable index of which could be set at the sign and degree of the zodiac for a particular day in order to predict the best time to provide medical treatment: the moving central part of the volvelle, with the pointer, is inscribed in red with numbers from 1-30; in the concentric circles around this are drawings of the signs of the zodiac, their names, and the names of the months and emblems for the occupations of the months</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-CA">Numerous dictionary entries will be
improved thanks to these new editions, with new citations to illustrate words
such as <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/geomancie" target="_blank">geomancie</a></b> ‘the art of
divination by means of signs derived from the earth’, or new variants spellings
such as <i>maginacioun </i>for <b><a href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/D/machination" target="_blank">machination</a></b>.<b> </b>Multiple new entries will be created based on the vocabulary
attested here: <i>juracioun </i>meaning
‘blasphemous oath’, <i>malageous </i>to mean
‘a sick person’ or <i>soungerie </i>to mean
‘a book of dreams’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA">We predict that these new texts will
greatly aid our understanding of the uses of Anglo-Norman and may even bring us
our first attestation of <i>prediction </i>and
<i>prognostication</i>!<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2009%20predire.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA"><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2009%20predire.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></a></span>
<span lang="EN-CA"><a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2009%20predire.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[HP]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<div id="ftn1">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2009%20predire.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> There still remains material to be edited
of this type, which would undoubtedly enrich the dictionary even further.</span><span lang="EN-CA"> </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">For example, the
catalogue entry for BL Ms. 18210 Additional notes that ‘</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">ff. 85-103: Treatises on palmistry (or
chiromancy), spatulomancy (the use of the shoulder bone in divination),
geomancy and hematoscopy (prognostication by inspection of the blood) in
Anglo-Norman French. The texts on spatulomancy and hematoscopy are unique’.
These latter texts are not currently edited.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2009%20predire.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Tony Hunt, 'Les
Pronostics en anglo-normand: Méthodes et documents', in Richard Trachsler,
Julien Abed and David Expert,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>'Moult
obscures paroles': Études sur la prophétie médiévale</i>, Paris, 2007, 29-50.</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/hap/Dropbox/AND/03.%20WoM/2015%2009%20predire.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-CA"> The word <a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/149860" target="_blank"><b><i>prediction</i></b><i> </i></a></span>appears
in English from the mid
sixteenth-century only and slightly earlier in Middle French. It was attested
in Classical Latin so its absence from the Anglo-Norman lexis is surprising. The
word <a href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/15215" target="_blank">prognostication</a> is attested in Middle French from 1355 and in Middle English from
1400 which strongly suggests that it would have been present in Anglo-Norman.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anglo-Norman Dictionaryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12816746595310559972noreply@blogger.com0